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Transcript
Evolution Part I 1 Evolution • Changes in a population over time 2 Earths Position in the Universe • 400 years ago the general public thought that the earth was the center of the universe – Sun revolves around the earth – The earth does not move 3 Galileo and Corpernicus • Demonstrated scientific evidence that the sun is at the center of our solar system and the earth moves around the sun 4 Galileo and the Church • Religious leaders felt the heliocentric theory (sun at the center) was a direct contradiction to the literal interpretation of the Bible • Galileo found guilty of heresy 5 Copernican System (Heliocentral Theory) • Did not destroy peoples belief in God • Public now accepts the overwhelming evidence for the heliocentric theory 6 Theory of Evolution • Science has overwhelming evidence that all life is constantly evolving 7 Charles Darwin 1809-1882 8 HMS Beagle 1831-1836 9 Ostrich in Africa Rhea in South America 10 11 12 13 Adaptive Radiation 14 Land Iquana 15 Marine Iquana 16 Different Tortoises on Each Island 17 Origin of Species 1859 18 Natural Selection • One mechanism of evolution • Main concepts of natural selection – – – – Overproduction of offspring Inherited variation in offspring Competition Best adapted in a given environment survive and reproduce to increase their kind • They are naturally selected 19 Overproduction of Offspring • Elephants (very slow reproductive rate) – If all the offspring of one elephant pair survive and all their offspring survive then: • 750 years = 19,000,000 elephants • 1200 years = Enough elephants to cover the earth! • Beetles – A handful that weighs 10 mg each – 82 weeks • 61,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 ton – The weight of the earth! 20 Variation of Offspring • Offspring of the same parents are different from each other 21 Competition • Since more individuals are born than can survive for an extended period of time, they compete for resources – Food – Living space – Mates 22 Best adapted to a given environment are selected to survive • Brown bears – Adapted to survive in Oklahoma • Polar bears – Adapted to survive in Alaska 23 Artificial Selection Collie crossed with Scandinavia Spitz Sheltie 24 Evolution is Change • Changing alleles in a population can produce new species • Dogs have evolved from wolves • Man has artificially selected traits to produce the various dog breeds • Nature uses natural selection and other mechanisms for evolution 25 Natural Selection of Flies 26 • Natural Selection 27 Scientific Disciplines That Give Evidence for Evolution • • • • • Paleontology Comparative anatomy Biogeography Molecular biology Others 28 Paleontology • Study of fossils – Allows us to see anatomical similarities between living species and organisms that lived in the past – Allows us to see how life has changed over time 29 Life Has Changed • Millions of species have been found that are different from life today 30 Horse Evolution 31 50 Million Years of Change 50 MYA 30 MYA 15 MYA Modern 32 Florida Museum of Natural History 33 • Whale evolultion 34 Comparative Anatomy 35 Homologous Structures • Same structures used for different purposes 36 Homologous Structures 37 Homoplasy Analogous Structures Similar structures due to convergent evolution, 38 Biogeography 39 Why No Polar Bears in Antarctica or No Penguins in Arctic? 40 Why marsupials in Australia? 41 42 Molecular Biology • The study of the molecules of life including DNA and proteins 43 DNA Similarity 44 Homeobox or HOX • First discovered in fruit flies in 1983 • Later found in mice, man and other organisms • Controls embryonic development of different body regions 45 Evolution of New Body Plan • Hox gene Ubx of crustacean mutated in lab • Caused suppression of leg development • Mechanism for evolution of insect body plan 400 MYA 46 • Homeobox genes 47 Comparing DNA • Human DNA compared to: – – – – Chimpanzee 99% same Gorilla 97.7% same Orangutan 96.3% same Another human 99.9% same 48 Comparing Protein Sequences • Many proteins in all of man are identical • Organ transplants require similar proteins in the donor and the recipient – A sibling or parent is often the best source for an organ transplant 49 Which would be the closest protein match for an organ transplant? Assuming all are alive and healthy. • A persons father • A persons great grandfather • A persons 10th great grandfather 50 Molecular Clock • The further you go back in time, the more proteins (and DNA) are different. • Differences in protein sequences and DNA can be used to estimate time when two species shared a common ancestor 51 Related Organisms • Close similarity of protein sequences indicates close relationship 52 Cytochrome C • Protein used to release energy from food • 104 amino acids • 20 of the amino acids occupy the same position in all eukaryotes 53 Comparison of Human Cytochrome C • 100 amino acids different in tuna fish • 12 amino acids different in a horse • 8 amino acids different in a kangaroo • 1 amino acid different in a monkey • Identical to chimpanzee 54 Pattern of Evolution Originally Based on Fossil Record • DNA comparisons confirm the same pattern • Protein sequences confirm the same pattern • 150 years of research by thousands of scientists demonstrate beyond doubt that life evolves. 55