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Transcript
CHAPTER 14 Social Psychology-branch of psychology that studies the effects of social variables and congnnitios on individual behavior and social interactions Social Context-combination of people , the activities and interactions among peopld, the setting in which behavior occurs and the expectations and social norms governing behavior in that setting Situationism-environmental conditions influence people’s behavior as much or more than their personal dispositions do. Social Role-socially defined patters of behavior that are expected of persons in a given setting or group Script-knowledge about the sequence of events and actions that is extected in a particular setting Social norms-group’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members’ attitudes and behavior Asch Effect-a form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgments Conformity-tendency for people to adopt the behaviors, attitudes, and opinions of other members of a group Groupthink-members of a group attempt to conform their opinionsto what each believes to be the consensus of the group Milgram’s Obedience Experiment-although many of the participants in the study dissented verbally, the majority obeyed Diffusion of Responsibility-dilution or weakening of each group member’s obligation to act when responsibility is perceived to be shared with all group members Social Reality-individual’s subjective interpretation of other people and of relationships with them Reward theory of attraction-social learning view that says we like best those who give us maximum rewards at minimum cost Principle of Proximity-people at work will make more friends among those who are nearby, with whom they have the most contact. Similarity Principle-people are attracted to those who are most similar to t hemselves Match hypothesis-most people willfind friends and mates that are perceived to be of about their same level of attractiveness Expectancy-value theory-how people decide whether or not to pursue a relationship by weighing the potential value of the relationship against their expectation of success in establishing the relationship Cognitive Dissonance-highly motivating state in which people have conflicting cognitions, especially when their voluntary actions conflict with their attitudes Fundamental attribution error-tendency to emphasize internal causes and ignore external pressures Self-serving bias-attributional pattern in which one takes credit for success but denies responsibility for failure Prejudice-negative attitude toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group Discrimination-negative action taken against an individual as a result of his or her group membership Social distance-perceived difference or similarity between oneself and another person Scapegoating-blaming an innocent person or a group for one’s own troubles Triangular theory of love-describes various kinds of love in terms of 3 components, passion, intimacy and commitment Violence and Aggression-behavior that is intended to cause harm Cohesiveness-solidarity, loyalty, and a sense of group membership Mutual interdependence- shared sense that individuals or groups need each other in order to achieve common goals