Download ANATOMY – study of the parts of the body PHYSIOLOGY – function

ANATOMY – study of the parts of the body
PHYSIOLOGY – function of the body
ANATOMICAL POSITION – standing erect with
face forward, arms at the side, palms forward
Anatomic Terminology – Position and Direction
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ANTERIOR or VENTRAL – front or in front of
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POSTERIOR or DORSAL – back or in back of
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CRANIAL – refers to the head of the body
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CAUDAL – means tail end
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SUPERIOR – upper or above something
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INFERIOR – lower or below something
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MEDIAL – toward the middle
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LATERAL – toward the side of the body
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PROXIMAL – toward the point of attachment to the
body or the trunk of the body
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DISTAL – away from the point of attachment to the
body
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SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL) – near the surface or
outside the body
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DEEP (INTERNAL) – inside the body
Body Planes and Sections
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PLANES – imaginary anatomical dividing planes
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SECTION – cut made through the body in the
direction of a certain plane
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SAGITTAL PLANE – divides the body into right
and left parts – if halves are equal this would be the
MID-SAGGITAL PLANE
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CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE – vertical cut at
right angles to saggital plane, divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions
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TRANSVERSE PLANE – cross-section, a horizontal
cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts
Cavities of the Body
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DORSAL CAVITY – contains brain and spinal cord
– the brain is in the CRANIAL CAVITY and the
spinal cord is in the SPINAL CAVITY.
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ANTERIOR or VENTRAL CAVITY contains the
THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES
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The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and heart
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ABDOMINAL CAVITY contains stomach,
intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
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PELVIC CAVITY contains urinary bladder and
reproductive organs
Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
Epigastric
L
R Lumbar
R Inguinal
Umbilical
Hypogastric
L
L Lumbar
L Inguinal
Tissues
TISSUES – cells grouped because they are similar in
shape, size, structure, and function
•
EPITHELIAL TISSUE – protects
the body by covering internal and
external surfaces, and produces
secretions
•
CONNECTIVE TISSUE –
supports and connects organs and
tissue
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MUSCLE TISSUE – has the ability to contract and
move the body
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NERVOUS TISSUE – cells that react to stimuli and
conduct an impulse
ADIPOSE TISSUE – type of connective tissue that stores
fat cells
AREOLAR TISSUE – type of connective tissue that
surrounds organs and supports nerve cells and blood
vessels
LIGAMENTS – strong, flexible bands of connective
tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints
TENDONS – white bands of connective tissue attaching
skeletal muscle to bone
APONEUROSES – flat, wide bands of connective tissue
holding one muscle to another
FASCIAE – fibrous connective tissue sheets that wrap
around muscle bundles to hold them in place
CARTILAGE – firm, flexible support of the embryonic
skeleton and part of the adult skeleton
MEMBRANES – formed by putting two thin layers of
tissue together, cells may secrete a fluid
•
MUCOUS MEMBRANES– lines digestive,
respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems –
produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining
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SEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled
membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines closed
body cavities
1. the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity
is the PARIETAL membrane
2. the part that covers the organs is the VISCERAL
membrane.
PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines
thoracic or chest cavity and protects
the lungs
PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE –
lines the heart cavity and protects the heart
PERITONEAL MEMBRANE – lines the
abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organs
Organs and Systems
ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act
together to perform a specific, related function
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Digestive
• Respiratory
• Circulatory
• Excretory
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Reproductive
Tissue Repair
PRIMARY REPAIR
• Takes place in a clean wound where infection is not
present
• New epithelial cells push themselves up toward the
surface of the skin
• If larger area, fluid escapes from broken capillaries,
dries and seals the wound with a SCAB
• GRAFT – skin transplanted to heal large wounds
•
If deeper tissues – SUTURES used to sew edges
together
SECONDARY REPAIR
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GRANULATION occurs in a large open wound,
causes the surface area to have a pebbly texture,
consists of newly formed capillaries and fibroblasts
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CICATRIX – scar tissue