Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
ANATOMY – study of the parts of the body PHYSIOLOGY – function of the body ANATOMICAL POSITION – standing erect with face forward, arms at the side, palms forward Anatomic Terminology – Position and Direction • ANTERIOR or VENTRAL – front or in front of • POSTERIOR or DORSAL – back or in back of • CRANIAL – refers to the head of the body • CAUDAL – means tail end • SUPERIOR – upper or above something • INFERIOR – lower or below something • MEDIAL – toward the middle • LATERAL – toward the side of the body • PROXIMAL – toward the point of attachment to the body or the trunk of the body • DISTAL – away from the point of attachment to the body • SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL) – near the surface or outside the body • DEEP (INTERNAL) – inside the body Body Planes and Sections • PLANES – imaginary anatomical dividing planes • SECTION – cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane • SAGITTAL PLANE – divides the body into right and left parts – if halves are equal this would be the MID-SAGGITAL PLANE • CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE – vertical cut at right angles to saggital plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior portions • TRANSVERSE PLANE – cross-section, a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts Cavities of the Body • DORSAL CAVITY – contains brain and spinal cord – the brain is in the CRANIAL CAVITY and the spinal cord is in the SPINAL CAVITY. • ANTERIOR or VENTRAL CAVITY contains the THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES • The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and heart • ABDOMINAL CAVITY contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas • PELVIC CAVITY contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions Epigastric L R Lumbar R Inguinal Umbilical Hypogastric L L Lumbar L Inguinal Tissues TISSUES – cells grouped because they are similar in shape, size, structure, and function • EPITHELIAL TISSUE – protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces, and produces secretions • CONNECTIVE TISSUE – supports and connects organs and tissue • MUSCLE TISSUE – has the ability to contract and move the body • NERVOUS TISSUE – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse ADIPOSE TISSUE – type of connective tissue that stores fat cells AREOLAR TISSUE – type of connective tissue that surrounds organs and supports nerve cells and blood vessels LIGAMENTS – strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints TENDONS – white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone APONEUROSES – flat, wide bands of connective tissue holding one muscle to another FASCIAE – fibrous connective tissue sheets that wrap around muscle bundles to hold them in place CARTILAGE – firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton MEMBRANES – formed by putting two thin layers of tissue together, cells may secrete a fluid • MUCOUS MEMBRANES– lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining • SEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities 1. the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane 2. the part that covers the organs is the VISCERAL membrane. PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE – lines the heart cavity and protects the heart PERITONEAL MEMBRANE – lines the abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organs Organs and Systems ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Digestive • Respiratory • Circulatory • Excretory • Nervous • Endocrine • Reproductive Tissue Repair PRIMARY REPAIR • Takes place in a clean wound where infection is not present • New epithelial cells push themselves up toward the surface of the skin • If larger area, fluid escapes from broken capillaries, dries and seals the wound with a SCAB • GRAFT – skin transplanted to heal large wounds • If deeper tissues – SUTURES used to sew edges together SECONDARY REPAIR • GRANULATION occurs in a large open wound, causes the surface area to have a pebbly texture, consists of newly formed capillaries and fibroblasts • CICATRIX – scar tissue