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1H03. Analyze the relationship of tissues, organs, and body systems. What do you know about the human body? • The body is organized in terms of cells, tissues, organs, systems, quadrants, regions, directional terms, position, cavities, and planes. • ANATOMY – study of the parts of the body • PHYSIOLOGY – study of the function of the body Body Organization • ANATOMICAL POSITION – standing erect with face forward, arms at the side, palms forward Anatomic Terminology – Directiontional terms • ANTERIOR or VENTRAL – front or in front of • POSTERIOR or DORSAL – back or in back of Directional Terms • CRANIAL – refers to the head of the body • CAUDAL – means tail end • SUPERIOR – upper or above something • INFERIOR – lower or below something Medial and Lateral • MEDIAL – toward the middle • LATERAL – toward the side of the body Other Terms • PROXIMAL – toward the point of attachment to the body or the trunk of the body • DISTAL – away from the point of attachment to the body • SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL) – near the surface or outside the body • DEEP (INTERNAL) – inside the body Different species, Same principle or concept Body Planes and Sections • PLANES – imaginary anatomical dividing planes • SECTION – cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane • Name the Plane… • SAGITTAL PLANE – divides the body into right and left parts • CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE – vertical cut at right angles to saggital plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior portions • TRANSVERSE PLANE – cross-section, a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts Cavities of the Body • DORSAL CAVITY – contains brain and spinal cord – the brain is in the CRANIAL CAVITY and the spinal cord is in the SPINAL CAVITY Cavities • ANTERIOR or VENTRAL CAVITY contains the THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES • The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and heart Body Cavities con’t. • ABDOMINAL CAVITY contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas • PELVIC CAVITY contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs Abdominal Quadrants • 4 quadrants RUQ, LUQ. RLQ, LLQ or Abdominopelvic Regions • 9 regions Tissues • TISSUES – cells grouped because they are similar in shape, size, structure, and function Tissue Types • EPITHELIAL TISSUE – protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces, and produces secretions • CONNECTIVE TISSUE – supports and connects organs and tissue • MEMBRANES – formed by putting two thin layers of tissue together, cells may secrete a fluid Types of Tissues • MUSCLE TISSUE – has the ability to contract and move the body • NERVOUS TISSUE – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse • ADIPOSE TISSUE – type of connective tissue that stores fat cells Connective Tissues • LIGAMENTS – strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints • TENDONS – white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone • CARTILAGE – firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton Types of Membranes • MUCOUS MEMBRANES– lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining • SEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities • the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane • the part that covers the organs is the VISCERAL membrane. • PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs • PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE – lines the heart cavity and protects the heart • PERITONEAL MEMBRANE – lines the abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organs Organs and Systems Cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make systems. • ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function • • • • • • • • • • • Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Digestive Respiratory Circulatory Excretory Nervous Endocrine Reproductive Lymphatic