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Editing for Grammar Conventions Phrase Fragments Maimon, Peritz and Yancey, A Writer’s Resource – A Handbook for Writing and Research. 2nd edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill Taught by Dr. Sng Bee Bee • Singapore Bible College Files in many languages for free download at BibleStudyDownloads.org Sentence Fragments A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence treated as if it were complete. It may begin with a capital letter and end with a period, a question mark, or an exclamation mark. What is a sentence fragment? A sentence fragment does not have: A complete verb A subject An independent clause Fragments are inappropriate for University assignments Learn how to identify sentence fragments Do you see a complete verb? Do you see a subject? Do you see only a dependent clause? Do you see a complete verb? A complete verb consists of a main verb and any helping verbs needed to indicate tense, person, and number. A group of related words without a complete verb is a phrase fragment, not a sentence. Fragment The ancient Mayas were among the first to develop many Mathematical concepts. For example, the concept of zero (no verb). Sentence The ancient Mayas were among the first to develop many mathematical concepts. For example, they developed the concept of zero. (verb present) 2. Do you see a subject? The subject is the who or what that a sentence is about. A group of related words without a subject is a phrase fragment, not a sentence. Do you see a subject? Fragment The ancient Mayas were accomplished mathematicians. Developed the concept of zero, for example. (no subject) Sentence The ancient Mayas were accomplished mathematicians. They developed the concept of zero, for example. Do you see only a dependent clause? An independent clause has a subject and a complex verb and can stand on its own as a sentence. A dependent or subordinate clause also has a subject and complete verb, but it begins with a subordinate word such as although, because, since, that, unless, which or while. Dependent clauses function within sentences as modifiers or nouns but they cannot stand as sentences on their own. Do you see a dependent clause? Fragment The ancient Mayas deserve a place in the history of mathematics. Because they were among the earliest people to develop the concept of zero. (dependent clause) Sentence The ancient Mayas deserve a place in the history of mathematics because they were among the earliest people to develop the concept of zero. (dependent clause is a continuation of from previous sentence) Learn how to edit sentence fragments You can repair sentence fragments by editing them in one of the two ways: Transform them into sentences. Many people feel threatened by They globalization. Because think it will undermine their cultural traditions. Attach them to a nearby independent clause. Many people feel threatened by because globalization Because they think it will undermine their cultural traditions. Identify and Edit Fragments Rewrite a fragment as a sentence for emphasis The ambulance crew gave us tips on handling They stressed emergencies. Stressing the importance of staying calm. Rewrite long fragments as separate sentences can help keep your writing direct and concise. Students with good time management habits On the other hand, start studying early in the semester. Whereas others, of the procrastinating kind, may do anything to avoid getting to work. Identify and Edit Fragments Attaching a fragment to a related sentence can highlight the relationship between ideas. even The Mayas built great cities. Even though they lacked metal tools. Watching for verbals. Verbals are words derived from verbs such as putting or to put. That summer, we had the time of our lives. We fished Fishing in the early morning hours, explored splashed splashing in the lake after lunch, exploring the woods before dinner, and playing played Scrabble until it was time for bed. (all –ing verbals in fragments need to be changed to keep all the phrases parallel) Identify and Edit Fragments Another way to fix the problem is to attach the fragment to the part of the previous sentence that it modifies. That summer, we had the time of our lives. , fishing Fishing in the early morning hours, splashing in the lake after lunch, exploring the woods before dinner, and playing Scrabble until it was time for bed. Watching for preposition fragments Phrase fragments can also begin with prepositions such as as, at, by, far, from, in, of, on or to. The easiest way is to attach it to previous sentence. Impressionists painters often depicted their at subjects in everyday situations. , At a restaurant, perhaps, or by the seashore. Watching for transitional phrases Transitional phrases such as as well as, as compared with, except for, in addition to, in contrast with, in spite of, or instead of. For the past sixty-five years, the growth in consumer spending has been both steep as and steady. As compared with the growth in gross domestic product, which fluctuated significantly between 1929 and 1950. Watching for words and phrases that introduce examples Check phrases that begin with for example, like, specifically or such as. Elizabeth I of England faced many dangers as a princess. For example, She fell falling out of favor with her sister, Queen was May, and being imprisoned in the Tower of London. Watching for appositives An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames a noun or pronoun. In 1965, Lydon Johnson increased the number a of troops in Vietnam. A former French colony in southeast Asia. Correct these sentences Correct the following sentences by either inserting verbs where verbs should be present or transforming phrase fragments into complete sentences. Editing – Correct the following sentences began with The war history from the early hand-to-hand combat on foot of the ancient Greeks which were fought on foot, such as the Theban and Spartan in the battle of Leuctra in 371 B.C. It developed to modern tank battles, air battles and guided missile battles, such as the Forth Middle East War in 1973 during the period of Cold War. 2. The time span of war history lasted about 2500 years, which includes the Graeco-Persian War, Macedonian Alexander’s war, Roman Empire’s war, Genghis Khan expedition to Europe, the Hundred Year’s War between England and France, the Thirty Years’ War in Germany, the Silesian Wars of Frederick the Great, the French Revolution and Napoleon’s war, American Civil War and two World Wars. War history spans over 2 500 years…. 1. Editing – Correct the following sentences That kind of products is the important components of China exporting. Agricultural products are the main exports of China. 2. He would lecture his younger brother, ignoring his brother’s protest. He would ignore his brother’s protest and lecture him. 3. However, there are three options from author. First, to rebuild the nationality identity of Taiwan as sovereignty totally; second, retaining identity of China and obeying the one-China principle; third, maintaining the present condition. However, the author proposes three options. The first option is to rebuild the national identity of Taiwan as a sovereign state. The second option is to retain the identity of China, obeying the one-China principle. Lastly, the third option is to maintain the present condition. 1. Another example The Chapter was not the explained any domestic obstacles that face by the women it self other than financial issues to run as a candidate. The purpose of the Chapter was not to explain the domestic obstacles faced by the women but rather, the financial issues to run as a candidate. The Chapter fails to explain the woman’s own psychological barriers. Instead, it only explains her financial issues in running as a candidate. Editing Your Writing Go through your writing Do you detect phrase fragments? Rewrite the phrase fragments so that they become complete sentences. Common Errors in Students’ Writing Tenses 1. ‘Media’ is plural, ‘medium’ is singular. 2. Words with no plural: internet, content (depends) Words which are countable or uncountable Overuse of ‘would’ 1. ‘Many people would find this question familiar..’ 2. ‘We assume we would land ourselves the perfect job’ ‘Would’ used in place of ‘will’ or ‘is’ or in some cases, used in sentences where modal verbs or verbs are not required at all. Common Errors in Students’ Writing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Too casual or conversational tone: “But of course I am not” – However, I definitely am not…… “Which is usually gross” – which is unappealing/disgusting/unsightly/repulsive “Back then” – In the past/previously/in retrospect “All put together” – In conclusion/To sum up everything/ In summary “Land ourselves the perfect job..” – acquire what we consider to be the ideal/perfect job, secure for ourselves…. Replace these phrases with more formal expressions. Common Errors in Students’ Writing Incomplete sentences or sentence fragments 1. Beginning sentence with wrong connectives: “And so, in today’s world, we….” – In addition, .. Because they are…” – Due to the reason that they are…; due to the fact that they are…. 2. He would lecture his younger brother, ignoring his brother’s protest. Long, run-on sentences that end up with confusing meaning. Sentences that went on for 4-5 lines, leaving readers at a loss about the subject matter Common Errors in Students’ Writing Organization of paragraphs 1. Topic sentences missing. 2. Lack of concrete examples or evidence 3. Need to maintain focus 4. Incomplete paragraphs – did not complete the explanation; did not round off the argument Revising for Consistency and Parallelism All good writing is consistent Consistent in tense, number or person All good writing uses parallel structure to balance two or more similar words, phrases or clauses Consistent Tense Which sentence is inconsistent? 1. We stroll down Bourbon Street as the jazz bands began to play 2. We strolled down Bourbon Street as the jazz bands began to plan 3. We stroll down Bourbon Street as the jazz bands begin to play Answer: No. 1 Consistency of Number Avoid confusing shifts from singular to plural or vice versa Which of the sentence below is inconsistent? 1. The wise jogger chooses their running shoes with care. 2. The wise jogger chooses his or her running shoes with care. 3. Wise joggers choose their running shoes with care. Answer : No.1 Consistency of Person First person – I, we Second Person – you Third Person – he, she, it, one, a person, an individual, a student and so on. Which sentence is inconsistent? 1. A player collects $200 when you pass ‘Go’. 2. A player collects $200 when he or she passes ‘Go’. 3. You collect $200 when you pass ‘Go’. Answer: No. 1 Which sentence is inconsistent? Whether one enjoys or resents commercials, we are bombarded with them every hour of the day. 2. Whether we enjoy or resent commercials, we are bombarded with them every hour of the day. 3. Whether one enjoys or resents commercials, he or she is bombarded with them every hour of the day. Answer: No. 1 1. Parallelism A balance of two or more similar words, phrases or clauses Consider the sentences below. Which sentences are parallel and which are not. 1. She likes dancing, swimming, and to box. (Not Parallel) 1. She likes dancing, swimming, and boxing. (Parallel) Parallelism The cable runs across the roof; the north wall is where it runs down. (Not Parallel) 1. The cable runs across the roof and down the north wall. (Parallel) 1. He admires people with strong convictions and who think for themselves. (Not Parallel) 1. He admires people who have strong convictions and who think for themselves. (Parallel) 1. Parallelism Consider the two sentences. In what way are they parallel? In a democracy, we are all equal before the law. In a dictatorship, we are all equal before the police. What make the following sentences parallel? 1. The fruit is both tasty and fresh. 2. He either loves you or hates you. 3. Yvette not only plays golf but also swims like a pro. 4. I would rather sing in the chorus than perform a solo. Answer: The same form of verbs is used in both clauses in each if the sentence. Get this presentation for free! Research & Writing link at BibleStudyDownloads.org