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Unit 2
Cells and
Systems
Name:_______________________________________
Topic 1 Living Organisms
How can we tell if something is alive?
- all living things demonstrate the following characteristics
o they require energy
o they respond and adapt to their environment
o they reproduce
o they grow
o they produce waste products
Functions and Structures
- In order to achieve these needs, each organism has developed structures
to help.
o Energy
 Animals get their energy from food.
 They have a good sense of smell, claws, teeth etc to
get food
 Plants get energy from sun and water from soil
 They have leaves, to absorb sunlight and roots to get
water from soil
o Adapt to environment
 Animals can adapt their eye sight depending upon when they
hunt
 Raccoons have good night vision and feed at night;
deer feed during the day and have good day time
vision
 Plants can bend toward the light source to ensure they get
the most light available
o Reproduce
 Plants produce seeds
 Animals have live offspring
o Growth
 Plants can grow from a seed
 Animals grow from young
o Wastes
 Plants can get rid of gases though small pore in the leaves
called stomata
 Animals get rid of waste such like feces and urine through
the digestive tract.
Levels of organization
- all living things are made up of cells
o These cells can become specialized to perform a specific task
 Red blood cells vs White Blood Cells
o Humans have billions of cells in their bodies
- A group of cells that have the similar function can join together to form
tissues.
o Muscles are tissues.
- Tissues can group together to form organs.
o Heart, Lungs, veins, arteries.
- Organs can group together and with teamwork, can form systems
o Circulatory system, Digestive system, Lymph system, Nervous
System
Cells work together
- Cells can be specialized into systems, but it is the co-operation of all
these systems that ensure survival
o You cannot live without the digestive system, circulatory system
and nervous system working together
Stomach breaks down drugs such as tylenol, intestines absorb
drugs, and the blood transports drug to brain (nervous system)
and you get relief from pain!
Topic 1 Review Textbook Pg. 102
Topic 2
Microscopes and Cells
Reading assignment textbook pgs 103-105
1) Magnification means…
2) What is the limit to the size that the human eye can see?
3) Who is Anton van Leeuwenhoek? What was his profession? When did he live? What did
he do for fun?
4) What was Robert Hooke famous for? When did he live?
5) What is the latin name for “little rooms”?
6) a) what is the basis of all life?
b) Who developed this theory and when did they do it?
7) What are the different types of microscopes and what are the limits of magnification?
8) What is the Canadian connection to the electron microscope?
Parts of a Microscope
How to Calculate Field of View
1. Find the low power field of view- do this by measuring with a ruler
under the low power objective lens.
2. Use the formulaMedium power
field of view
=
Low power
field of view
Magnification of low-power objective lens
X
Magnification of medium- power objective lens
How to Calculate the Magnification of your Object
1. Use the formulaMagnification
of Object
=
Magnification of eye piece
X
Magnification of objective lens
This means it looks ___________ times bigger when you look at
it under a microscope.
Introduction to Microscopes
Science 8
Procedure
1) Obtain equipment
2) Set your microscope to the low-power objective lens and place a clear plastic ruler on the
stage.
3) Focus on the ruler and move it so that one of the lines is at the edge of the field of view.
4) Measure and record the diameter of the field of view in millimeters (mm)
5) Convert this answer into micrometers. Micrometers (m) are smaller than mm and the
rate of conversion is 1000 m = 1 mm
6) Figure out the field of view for the medium and high power objective lenses.
Note: the markings on a ruler are too far apart to be able to see (under ideal
conditions) so you can use a formula to determine the field of view for the two
powers.
Medium power field of view = Low Power field of view x Magnification of low
power objective lens
Magnification of
medium power
objective lens
Refer to pg 111 for more info
Medium power field of view in mm =
In m =
High power field of view in mm =
In m =
7) Draw a small letter e on a piece of paper and place it on a slide. Place the slide under the
microscope.
8) How does the letter appear under the microscope?
9) Move the slide to the left while looking through the microscope. Record what you notice.
10) Do the same as before but now move to the right, up and down and record your
observations.
Follow up questions pg 111 # 1-3, 5-7, 9
Field of View Quiz
Mircoscope Lab
Topic 3
3D Model- Onion skin lab
Plant and Animal Cells and their Organelles
The Cell and its structure
- All Organisms can be grouped into two categories
- Multicellular
o (many cells) Many cells grouped together, to do a specific function,
for the larger organism
 White blood cells and red blood cells
- Unicellular
o Are organisms that are only one cell
 Yet they share some common characteristics to their
multicellular cousins
 The cell in your finger has things in common with a
paramecium
 They each move, obtain food, and carry out other life functions
through the use of small structures found within the single cell
called Organelles.
- Organelles
o Structures inside the cell that have a specific function
1) Nucleus
1) is the brain of the cell... it controls most of the cells
activities, and holds the DNA
2) Cytoplasm
2) is the jelly like material in which other parts float
around in… similar to all body fluids in a human
3) Cell membrane
3) surrounds the cell (like skin) and holds everything in
place. It also plays a role in allowing things to pass in
and out of the cell
4) Vacuole
4) is a balloon like space that holds surplus food, wastes
and other substances
5) Cell Wall
5) in plant cells only, this surrounds the cell membrane
and gives support for the plant. (are responsible for the
hard structure a tree has when it has died) Made up of
cellulose
6) Chloroplasts
6) are the structures that are responsible for
photosynthesis to occur in plant cells only. They contain
the chemical chlorophyll (which makes the plant green)
7) Mitochondria
7) are the “energy houses” of the cells. They take in food
particles and break them down into chemicals which can
create energy. Some cells have more mitochondria than
others. They are found in both animal and plant cells
8) Lysosomes
8) are the “suicide switch” of the cell. They are vacuoles
that contain toxic chemicals that when the cell has
reached the end of its life span, the nucleus sends out a
signal to pop the ribosome and the cell kills itself.
Cell size and function
- why are cells so small?
o Surface area.
 If the cell grows bigger, it needs more food and will produce
more waste.
 In doing this, the waste and food need to travel to the cell
membrane to get out or in. If the cell is bigger, the distance
increases and if you have to have a certain amount of food, you
have to travel farther, expend more energy and need more food
to replenish the energy.
- Not all cells are the same size
o Bacteria cells are on average 10x smaller than animal and plant cells
Topic 3 Review Textbook Pg. 126- 127
Study for topic 1-3 Quiz
Animal Cell
Build Your Own 3-D Cell Rubric
Plant Cell Organelles
Explanations
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Vacuoles
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Vacuoles
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Creative
Organelles are clearly decisive
Legend is clear and neat
Total
Build Your Own 3-D Cell Rubric
Animal Cell Organelles
Explanations
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Creative
Organelles are clearly decisive
Legend is clear and neat
Total
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Topic 4
Fluid Movement in Cells
Cell membrane
-Selectively Permeable- the cell membrane allows only
certain materials to cross it
-Permeable- a membrane that lets all materials to cross it
-Impermeable- a membrane that does not allow any
materials to cross it
Diffusion
-Diffusion- the movement of particles in liquids and
gases from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration
- the spreading out process
-ex. When you cook popcorn you can smell it all over
your house, not just the kitchen. (the particles are moving
from the kitchen to the living room)
Osmosis
Osmosis
- 70% of a cell’s content is water
- water particles can easily move into and out of
cells by diffusion
- osmosis is the diffusion of water particles through a
selectively permeable membrane from an area of high
concentration to a low concentration
Fluid movement in Plants
Plant’s tissue – transports nutrients throughout the plant
Vascular tissues – connect the roots to the leaves
2 types of Vascular tissues
1. Xylem tissues – direct water and minerals that were
absorbed by root cells to every cell in the plant (cells
in the stem and the leaves)
2. Phloem tissue-tissue that transports sugars to the rest
of the plant
-roots have tiny hairs at the tips that allow water to enter
the plant through osmosis
-leaves are the plant’s food-producing organs
-photosynthesis manufactures sugars from water, carbon
dioxide, and sunlight
- Most photosynthesis takes place in cells in the leaves that
contain chloroplasts
Stomata – tiny openings on the leaf that allow oxygenated air to
enter the leaf
Transpiration
-The loss of water from a plant through evaporation
Topic 4 Review
Textbook pg. 137
Measuring Osmosis
From your knowledge of osmosis, predict what will happen to the water content of an egg placed in distilled
water.
From your knowledge of osmosis, predict what will happen to the water content of an egg placed in salt
water.
Title:
Calculations
Original mass of egg
Egg in distilled water
Egg in salt solution
vinegar
vinegar
Distilled water
Salt solution
Final mass of egg
Change in mass (+ or -)
Original volume of liquid
(before egg is in)
Final volume of liquid
(after egg is out)
Change in volume (+ or -)
Appearance of egg after
you remove it from the
liquid
Investigation 2-F (pg 132)
Answer the questions related to the lab. They do not have to be in full sentences, but they do need to be legible.
1. From your observations, make an inference about the effect of vinegar on eggshells.
2. What are the controlled variables in this investigation?
3. What are the responding variables?
4. What are the manipulated variables?
5. (a) What happened to the volume of the solution in the jar if the mass of the egg increased? Explain.
(b) What happened to the volume of liquid in the jar if the mass of the egg decreased? Why?
6. From your data, make an inference about the effect of osmosis on an egg placed in (a) distilled water, and (b) salt
solution. In your answer, refer to the movement of water particles from a region where water is in high
concentration to one where it is in lower concentration.
Topic 5
Cell Specialization and Organization
- Cells have different appearances and
perform different jobs
- They are specialized for particular tasks
-muscle cells are shaped to move parts
of your body
- Disadvantages to being a unicellular organism
- cannot grow very large
- can only live in watery, food rich
environments
Paramecium
- Advantages to being a multicellular organism
- live in a wide variety of environments
- grow very large (ex. whales)
- obtain energy from a wide variety of foods
- bodies are more complex, Cells are
specialized, therefore they work more
efficiently
Different Types of Tissues
Muscle tissue- moves parts of the body
Nerve tissue- carries signals between the brain and
other body parts
Epithelial tissue- skin tissue
Connective tissue- connects and supports different
parts of the body
Epidermal tissue- protects the outside of a plant
Study for Topic 1-5 Quiz
Topic 5 Review Pg.144- 145
Body Systems Research Project
Prepare a class presentation on 1 of the three systems:
- digestive system
- circulatory system
- respiratory system
Things to include:
- An explanation on how your system works (point form)
- Choose a way to visually show your project with all your information on it
- Include pictures
- Keep it neat and organized
- How does your system work with one of the other systems?
- Name 2 positive and 2 negative effects on your system and explain why.
Marks Awarded
Explanation of your system
Visually appealing?
Neat, legible and organized
Description on how your system works with 1 other system
Positive and negative effects on your system and explanations
Creativity
Citation of where you obtained your information
Topic 6 and 7
Body Systems in Humans
 Your digestive system, respiratory system, and circulatory
system all work together to give all your cells a steady supply of
food and oxygen to help provide the body with energy.
Digestive System
Food enters body through the mouth  food goes to the stomach and
intestine
(broken up into small parts along the way)
 some food is used by cells
 others are expelled from the body as waste
Parts of the Digestive system
Mouth
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Stomach
Liver
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Disorders of the digestive system
1. Colon Cancer (is a long term effect)
o Is cancer of the colon that is caused by
 Lack of fibre, making the feces take longer to digest, which
irritates the lining of the colon
 Fast paced life, skipping meals, fast food, eating fast
contribute to problem
o Only curable by surgery
2.
Ulcer
o Is when the lining of either the stomach or the small intestine
is damaged by stomach acid.
 Contributing factors are:
 Long term emotional stress
 Smoking
 Alcohol (long term use)
 Aspirin (long term use)
 Curable by heavy does of antibiotics
3. Appendicitis
o Inflammation of the appendix (an offshoot of the large
intestine)
 Contains cells that fight off viruses and bacteria
 Caused by a blockage by feces in a low fibre diet
causing lack of blood flow.
 Can rupture and poison person  death eventually if
treated and ruptures in abdomen.
Respiratory System
Inhalation- breathing in (Oxygen)
Exhalation- breathing out (carbon dioxide)
Respiratory Organs
 Larynx – the voice box
 Trachea- the wind pipe. This connects the air from the nose and
mouth to the lungs.
 Bronchus (Bronchi)- is the main branch from the trachea. Each
branch flows into the lungs.
 Bronchioles – is a further branching of the bronchi.
 Alveolus (Aveoli) – these are at the end of the bronchioles. It is
here that the oxygen passes into the blood (by diffusion) through
the capillaries (small blood vessels).
 Diaphragm – is a sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of
the chest cavity.
Lungs Demo Animal lungs?
Disoreders of the Respiratory System
Asthma – cells in your air tubes that make more mucus than normal.
This mucus is very thick and sticky. It tends to clog up the tubes making
it hard to breathe.
Bronchitis – is caused by an irritation in the lining of your lungs by
continual coughing, excess mucus creation, and cilia destruction.
Lung cancer – is a cancer of the lung, caused by particles in the smoke
of cigarettes contact the lining of the lungs, which make it produce
excess cell growth… which will starve out healthy cells.
The Circulatory System
- This system circulates the blood around the body.
- The pumping action of the heart circulates the blood throughout the
body, transporting oxygen and food (nutrients) to all body cells.
- Blood also carries away wastes produced by cells.
- Red blood cells are specialized to carry oxygen
 This system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Disorders of the Circulatory system
-High blood pressure – leads to heart attacks, and strokes
-Blood pressure indicates:
o The volume of blood
o Heart rate
o Artery size
o Artery elasticity
o Blood viscosity
-factors that can cause disorders:
 nicotine causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood
pressure, and heart rate
 poor diet causes high blood pressure
 lack of regular exercise
-Reduce the risks by:
 Choosing healthy lifestyles habits:
o Not smoking
o Eating
o regular exercise
The Excretory System
-Filters waste materials from the blood.
 -this system consists of 2 key organs both kidneys.
-There are however more organs in this system.
The Nervous System
-Monitors conditions outside of the body through temperature receptors on your
skin.
-Information goes to the brain.
-brain sends signals to muscles, skin and blood vessels.
- they all work together to help your body perform properly.
 this system consists of the brain, spinal cord and the nerves.
 Diet, exercise, drugs, injury, and disease can affect body systems and disrupt
how they function.
System
Digestive
Respiratory
Circulatory
Nervous
Excretory
Functions
Breaks down food, absorbs food particles, and eliminates
wastes.
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
Circulates blood. Transports food articles, dissolved gases
and other materials
Controls and co-ordinates body activities. Senses internal and
external changes
Regulates blood and excretes waste fluids