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Unit 2 Cells and Systems Name:_______________________________________ Topic 1 Living Organisms How can we tell if something is alive? - all living things demonstrate the following characteristics o they require energy o they respond and adapt to their environment o they reproduce o they grow o they produce waste products Functions and Structures - In order to achieve these needs, each organism has developed structures to help. o Energy Animals get their energy from food. They have a good sense of smell, claws, teeth etc to get food Plants get energy from sun and water from soil They have leaves, to absorb sunlight and roots to get water from soil o Adapt to environment Animals can adapt their eye sight depending upon when they hunt Raccoons have good night vision and feed at night; deer feed during the day and have good day time vision Plants can bend toward the light source to ensure they get the most light available o Reproduce Plants produce seeds Animals have live offspring o Growth Plants can grow from a seed Animals grow from young o Wastes Plants can get rid of gases though small pore in the leaves called stomata Animals get rid of waste such like feces and urine through the digestive tract. Levels of organization - all living things are made up of cells o These cells can become specialized to perform a specific task Red blood cells vs White Blood Cells o Humans have billions of cells in their bodies - A group of cells that have the similar function can join together to form tissues. o Muscles are tissues. - Tissues can group together to form organs. o Heart, Lungs, veins, arteries. - Organs can group together and with teamwork, can form systems o Circulatory system, Digestive system, Lymph system, Nervous System Cells work together - Cells can be specialized into systems, but it is the co-operation of all these systems that ensure survival o You cannot live without the digestive system, circulatory system and nervous system working together Stomach breaks down drugs such as tylenol, intestines absorb drugs, and the blood transports drug to brain (nervous system) and you get relief from pain! Topic 1 Review Textbook Pg. 102 Topic 2 Microscopes and Cells Reading assignment textbook pgs 103-105 1) Magnification means… 2) What is the limit to the size that the human eye can see? 3) Who is Anton van Leeuwenhoek? What was his profession? When did he live? What did he do for fun? 4) What was Robert Hooke famous for? When did he live? 5) What is the latin name for “little rooms”? 6) a) what is the basis of all life? b) Who developed this theory and when did they do it? 7) What are the different types of microscopes and what are the limits of magnification? 8) What is the Canadian connection to the electron microscope? Parts of a Microscope How to Calculate Field of View 1. Find the low power field of view- do this by measuring with a ruler under the low power objective lens. 2. Use the formulaMedium power field of view = Low power field of view Magnification of low-power objective lens X Magnification of medium- power objective lens How to Calculate the Magnification of your Object 1. Use the formulaMagnification of Object = Magnification of eye piece X Magnification of objective lens This means it looks ___________ times bigger when you look at it under a microscope. Introduction to Microscopes Science 8 Procedure 1) Obtain equipment 2) Set your microscope to the low-power objective lens and place a clear plastic ruler on the stage. 3) Focus on the ruler and move it so that one of the lines is at the edge of the field of view. 4) Measure and record the diameter of the field of view in millimeters (mm) 5) Convert this answer into micrometers. Micrometers (m) are smaller than mm and the rate of conversion is 1000 m = 1 mm 6) Figure out the field of view for the medium and high power objective lenses. Note: the markings on a ruler are too far apart to be able to see (under ideal conditions) so you can use a formula to determine the field of view for the two powers. Medium power field of view = Low Power field of view x Magnification of low power objective lens Magnification of medium power objective lens Refer to pg 111 for more info Medium power field of view in mm = In m = High power field of view in mm = In m = 7) Draw a small letter e on a piece of paper and place it on a slide. Place the slide under the microscope. 8) How does the letter appear under the microscope? 9) Move the slide to the left while looking through the microscope. Record what you notice. 10) Do the same as before but now move to the right, up and down and record your observations. Follow up questions pg 111 # 1-3, 5-7, 9 Field of View Quiz Mircoscope Lab Topic 3 3D Model- Onion skin lab Plant and Animal Cells and their Organelles The Cell and its structure - All Organisms can be grouped into two categories - Multicellular o (many cells) Many cells grouped together, to do a specific function, for the larger organism White blood cells and red blood cells - Unicellular o Are organisms that are only one cell Yet they share some common characteristics to their multicellular cousins The cell in your finger has things in common with a paramecium They each move, obtain food, and carry out other life functions through the use of small structures found within the single cell called Organelles. - Organelles o Structures inside the cell that have a specific function 1) Nucleus 1) is the brain of the cell... it controls most of the cells activities, and holds the DNA 2) Cytoplasm 2) is the jelly like material in which other parts float around in… similar to all body fluids in a human 3) Cell membrane 3) surrounds the cell (like skin) and holds everything in place. It also plays a role in allowing things to pass in and out of the cell 4) Vacuole 4) is a balloon like space that holds surplus food, wastes and other substances 5) Cell Wall 5) in plant cells only, this surrounds the cell membrane and gives support for the plant. (are responsible for the hard structure a tree has when it has died) Made up of cellulose 6) Chloroplasts 6) are the structures that are responsible for photosynthesis to occur in plant cells only. They contain the chemical chlorophyll (which makes the plant green) 7) Mitochondria 7) are the “energy houses” of the cells. They take in food particles and break them down into chemicals which can create energy. Some cells have more mitochondria than others. They are found in both animal and plant cells 8) Lysosomes 8) are the “suicide switch” of the cell. They are vacuoles that contain toxic chemicals that when the cell has reached the end of its life span, the nucleus sends out a signal to pop the ribosome and the cell kills itself. Cell size and function - why are cells so small? o Surface area. If the cell grows bigger, it needs more food and will produce more waste. In doing this, the waste and food need to travel to the cell membrane to get out or in. If the cell is bigger, the distance increases and if you have to have a certain amount of food, you have to travel farther, expend more energy and need more food to replenish the energy. - Not all cells are the same size o Bacteria cells are on average 10x smaller than animal and plant cells Topic 3 Review Textbook Pg. 126- 127 Study for topic 1-3 Quiz Animal Cell Build Your Own 3-D Cell Rubric Plant Cell Organelles Explanations Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuoles Cell wall Chloroplasts Mitochondria Lysosomes Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuoles Cell wall Chloroplasts Mitochondria Lysosomes Creative Organelles are clearly decisive Legend is clear and neat Total Build Your Own 3-D Cell Rubric Animal Cell Organelles Explanations Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuoles Mitochondria Lysosomes Creative Organelles are clearly decisive Legend is clear and neat Total Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuoles Mitochondria Lysosomes Topic 4 Fluid Movement in Cells Cell membrane -Selectively Permeable- the cell membrane allows only certain materials to cross it -Permeable- a membrane that lets all materials to cross it -Impermeable- a membrane that does not allow any materials to cross it Diffusion -Diffusion- the movement of particles in liquids and gases from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration - the spreading out process -ex. When you cook popcorn you can smell it all over your house, not just the kitchen. (the particles are moving from the kitchen to the living room) Osmosis Osmosis - 70% of a cell’s content is water - water particles can easily move into and out of cells by diffusion - osmosis is the diffusion of water particles through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to a low concentration Fluid movement in Plants Plant’s tissue – transports nutrients throughout the plant Vascular tissues – connect the roots to the leaves 2 types of Vascular tissues 1. Xylem tissues – direct water and minerals that were absorbed by root cells to every cell in the plant (cells in the stem and the leaves) 2. Phloem tissue-tissue that transports sugars to the rest of the plant -roots have tiny hairs at the tips that allow water to enter the plant through osmosis -leaves are the plant’s food-producing organs -photosynthesis manufactures sugars from water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight - Most photosynthesis takes place in cells in the leaves that contain chloroplasts Stomata – tiny openings on the leaf that allow oxygenated air to enter the leaf Transpiration -The loss of water from a plant through evaporation Topic 4 Review Textbook pg. 137 Measuring Osmosis From your knowledge of osmosis, predict what will happen to the water content of an egg placed in distilled water. From your knowledge of osmosis, predict what will happen to the water content of an egg placed in salt water. Title: Calculations Original mass of egg Egg in distilled water Egg in salt solution vinegar vinegar Distilled water Salt solution Final mass of egg Change in mass (+ or -) Original volume of liquid (before egg is in) Final volume of liquid (after egg is out) Change in volume (+ or -) Appearance of egg after you remove it from the liquid Investigation 2-F (pg 132) Answer the questions related to the lab. They do not have to be in full sentences, but they do need to be legible. 1. From your observations, make an inference about the effect of vinegar on eggshells. 2. What are the controlled variables in this investigation? 3. What are the responding variables? 4. What are the manipulated variables? 5. (a) What happened to the volume of the solution in the jar if the mass of the egg increased? Explain. (b) What happened to the volume of liquid in the jar if the mass of the egg decreased? Why? 6. From your data, make an inference about the effect of osmosis on an egg placed in (a) distilled water, and (b) salt solution. In your answer, refer to the movement of water particles from a region where water is in high concentration to one where it is in lower concentration. Topic 5 Cell Specialization and Organization - Cells have different appearances and perform different jobs - They are specialized for particular tasks -muscle cells are shaped to move parts of your body - Disadvantages to being a unicellular organism - cannot grow very large - can only live in watery, food rich environments Paramecium - Advantages to being a multicellular organism - live in a wide variety of environments - grow very large (ex. whales) - obtain energy from a wide variety of foods - bodies are more complex, Cells are specialized, therefore they work more efficiently Different Types of Tissues Muscle tissue- moves parts of the body Nerve tissue- carries signals between the brain and other body parts Epithelial tissue- skin tissue Connective tissue- connects and supports different parts of the body Epidermal tissue- protects the outside of a plant Study for Topic 1-5 Quiz Topic 5 Review Pg.144- 145 Body Systems Research Project Prepare a class presentation on 1 of the three systems: - digestive system - circulatory system - respiratory system Things to include: - An explanation on how your system works (point form) - Choose a way to visually show your project with all your information on it - Include pictures - Keep it neat and organized - How does your system work with one of the other systems? - Name 2 positive and 2 negative effects on your system and explain why. Marks Awarded Explanation of your system Visually appealing? Neat, legible and organized Description on how your system works with 1 other system Positive and negative effects on your system and explanations Creativity Citation of where you obtained your information Topic 6 and 7 Body Systems in Humans Your digestive system, respiratory system, and circulatory system all work together to give all your cells a steady supply of food and oxygen to help provide the body with energy. Digestive System Food enters body through the mouth food goes to the stomach and intestine (broken up into small parts along the way) some food is used by cells others are expelled from the body as waste Parts of the Digestive system Mouth Salivary Glands Esophagus Gallbladder Pancreas Stomach Liver Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus Disorders of the digestive system 1. Colon Cancer (is a long term effect) o Is cancer of the colon that is caused by Lack of fibre, making the feces take longer to digest, which irritates the lining of the colon Fast paced life, skipping meals, fast food, eating fast contribute to problem o Only curable by surgery 2. Ulcer o Is when the lining of either the stomach or the small intestine is damaged by stomach acid. Contributing factors are: Long term emotional stress Smoking Alcohol (long term use) Aspirin (long term use) Curable by heavy does of antibiotics 3. Appendicitis o Inflammation of the appendix (an offshoot of the large intestine) Contains cells that fight off viruses and bacteria Caused by a blockage by feces in a low fibre diet causing lack of blood flow. Can rupture and poison person death eventually if treated and ruptures in abdomen. Respiratory System Inhalation- breathing in (Oxygen) Exhalation- breathing out (carbon dioxide) Respiratory Organs Larynx – the voice box Trachea- the wind pipe. This connects the air from the nose and mouth to the lungs. Bronchus (Bronchi)- is the main branch from the trachea. Each branch flows into the lungs. Bronchioles – is a further branching of the bronchi. Alveolus (Aveoli) – these are at the end of the bronchioles. It is here that the oxygen passes into the blood (by diffusion) through the capillaries (small blood vessels). Diaphragm – is a sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the chest cavity. Lungs Demo Animal lungs? Disoreders of the Respiratory System Asthma – cells in your air tubes that make more mucus than normal. This mucus is very thick and sticky. It tends to clog up the tubes making it hard to breathe. Bronchitis – is caused by an irritation in the lining of your lungs by continual coughing, excess mucus creation, and cilia destruction. Lung cancer – is a cancer of the lung, caused by particles in the smoke of cigarettes contact the lining of the lungs, which make it produce excess cell growth… which will starve out healthy cells. The Circulatory System - This system circulates the blood around the body. - The pumping action of the heart circulates the blood throughout the body, transporting oxygen and food (nutrients) to all body cells. - Blood also carries away wastes produced by cells. - Red blood cells are specialized to carry oxygen This system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Disorders of the Circulatory system -High blood pressure – leads to heart attacks, and strokes -Blood pressure indicates: o The volume of blood o Heart rate o Artery size o Artery elasticity o Blood viscosity -factors that can cause disorders: nicotine causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure, and heart rate poor diet causes high blood pressure lack of regular exercise -Reduce the risks by: Choosing healthy lifestyles habits: o Not smoking o Eating o regular exercise The Excretory System -Filters waste materials from the blood. -this system consists of 2 key organs both kidneys. -There are however more organs in this system. The Nervous System -Monitors conditions outside of the body through temperature receptors on your skin. -Information goes to the brain. -brain sends signals to muscles, skin and blood vessels. - they all work together to help your body perform properly. this system consists of the brain, spinal cord and the nerves. Diet, exercise, drugs, injury, and disease can affect body systems and disrupt how they function. System Digestive Respiratory Circulatory Nervous Excretory Functions Breaks down food, absorbs food particles, and eliminates wastes. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide Circulates blood. Transports food articles, dissolved gases and other materials Controls and co-ordinates body activities. Senses internal and external changes Regulates blood and excretes waste fluids