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/Ɛ&ƌĞŝďƵƌŐĂůŐĂƌLJ͛ƐEĞǁZŽůĞDŽĚĞů͍ An Exploration of Urban Green Ideas Transportation Issues What is a Green City? Implements renewable energy and green technology Mixed land use and population density Accessible, efficient transportation Desirable to live in (easy commutes, affordable housing) Why study green cities? Transit Ridership For the first time in human history majority of Calgary Freiburg people are living in cities, by 2050, 80% will be 74 trips/person/year 330trips/person/year 1 living in cities Calgary: Energy consumption and emissions have 1 Lack of transit use reached critical levels Poor city coverage by transit Benefits citizens by lowering healthcare and energy costs and increasing human interaction High personal vehicle use 1 Freiburg: through shared spaces Large portion of transportation users Increased CO2 emissions, increases local 2 ozone and particulate matter (PM 2.5 um) 134 Urban Sprawl causes deleterious health effects Comparing Communities 44 64 Why Freiburg, Germany? Typical Calgary Reputation of being one of the greenest cities 16 Community 0.5 in the world -‐ low per capita CO2 output Currie Barracks 20 7 17.7 Vauban Green Chemistry Principles Dwellings per Prevention of the Green House Gas ʹ carbon People per hectare of CO2 hectare dioxide urban land emsissions per person Design for Energy Efficiency (tonnes/yr) Focus on CO2 emissions ʹ accessible and Calgary: comparable Lack of mixed land use Low density communities Areas of Focus High CO emissions per capita 2 Majority of emissions come from Freiburg: 3 transportation and housing Large proportion of green spaces The goal: reducing CO2 emissions Mixed land use, housing choices, and affordability 4 Buildings Calgary: High energy consumption Lack of implementation of alternative energy Freiburg: One of the world leaders in solar energy production Potential Solar Production Comparison 4 Calgary Freiburg 1100-‐1400 kWh/yr <1000 kWh/yr Albane Barbero, Tia Joles, Angelique Lavigne, Chelsea Rowe and Sandra Shanoada Recommendations Improving Transportation Expansion of transit to reach more communities Encourage low emission vehicles through taxation of high emission personal vehicles and increased registration fees Encourage public transportation use by making driving inconvenient (reduced speed limit, speed bumps) Make walking and cycling safer and more enjoyable (separate pedestrians and cyclists from moving vehicles, right-‐of-‐way for cyclists) through infrastructural changes Limiting Urban Sprawl Increase options of mixed and high density housings Integrate more mixed land use into communities Increase green spaces (community gardens) Create easy access to public transportation Improving Homes Retrofits with higher efficiency appliances and insulation ʹ saves on average 22% of 5 energy consumption Addition of solar panels on housing ʹ 25% 6 energy savings Conclusions Ton CO2 per capita Introduction 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 17.7 10.4 9.6 Calgary -‐ Before Calgary -‐ After Freiburg Based on 50% reduced personal vehicle use, 22% energy savings from retrofits to homes, and 25% energy savings from solar power as comparable to that of Freiburg Calgary stands to reduce its annual per capita emissions by 41% and has the potential to ďĞĐŽŵĞĂŶĂĚĂ͛ƐŶĞǁŐƌĞĞŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͘ References: 1 Miller, Byron. "Green Cities are Great Cities: Making Alberta's Cities Global Leaders in the Fight against Climate Change." In Alberta's Enerdy Legacy -‐ Ideas for the Future, 133-‐ 154. Canada West Foundation, 2007. 2 Jacobson, M.Z. 2010. Enhancement of Local Air Pollution by Urban CO2 Domes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44: 2497-‐2502 3 City of Calgary ʹ Environmental Management. 2006. Calgary Climate Change Action Plan Target 50. City of Calgary. 4 Calgary Climate Change Action Plan: Target -‐50. The City of Calgary Environmental Management. July, 2006. 5 City of Calgary. (2009). Calgary Transportation Plan. Calgary: The City of Calgary 6 Dr.Dieter Worner. (n.d.). On the Way to a Sustainable City -‐ Carbon Neutral Urban Development of the city of Freiburg. Retrieved Feb 27, 2012, from http://ecomodelproject.go.jp/upload/110211kokusaikaigi/19Freiburg_en.pdf 7 Bell , J., & Weis, T. (2009). Greening the Grid: Powering Alberta's Future with Renewable Energy . Drayton Valley : Pembina Institute. 8 Row , J., Welk, E., Lempers, N., Cobb, P., Haines, G., Bailie, A., et al. (2011). Options for Reducing GHG Emissions in Calgary -‐ Research Report Appendices. Calgary: Pembina Institute. 9Toronto and Region Conservation. Getting to Carbon Neutral: a Guide to Canadian Municipalities. Toronto: Toronto and Region Conservation, 2008. Environmental Sciences 502 2011-‐2012