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Taxonomy Review Answers 2012 *** Please note: numbering on your sheet is wrong after #20. 1. Who was Carrolus Linnaeus? THE MAN WHO GAVE US THE MODERN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION WE USE TODAY 2. Name the eight levels of taxonomy in order. DOMAIN, KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES 3. What language is used for taxonomy? Why? LATIN IS USED BECAUSE IT ISN’T SPOKEN BY ANY ONE ANYMORE, SO IT DOESN’T CHANGE. 4. What three things do we use to classify organisms? HOMOLOGIES BETWEEN 1) STRUCTURES 2) EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT 3) DNA & PROTEINS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES 5. How do you write a scientific name? Use the genus and the species name, genus name first Capitalize the genus name but not the species name Underline them 6. Name the six kingdoms that are used for classification. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia 7. What are the two major divisions of angiosperms? Monocots- have small, fibrous roots, flower parts in 3’s and only one leaf on a sprouting seed Dicots- have a large tap root, flower parts in 4’s & 5’s and two leaves on a sprouting seed 8. What are three reasons why we don’t use common names for organisms? They can be confusing. The same name can be used for different organisms, the name be different in different areas 9. Why do we use scientific names? They don’t change; one name for each organism 10. What is a species? Organisms that have the same characteristics and can interbreed. 11. Define: a. Hierarchy- an ordered set of groups that run from largest, highest, etc to smallest, least, etc. b. Taxon- a group used for the classification of organisms (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, etc.) c. Dichotomous key- a key that uses a series of paired questions to group organisms according to the traits they have in common. It depends on homologies of structure, embryology, and biochemistry. d. Taxonomist- one who classifies organisms into the various groups of the taxonomic key 12. What might happen if each scientist categorized and named living things on his/her own? There would be no systematic naming; any organism could be named anything & have several different names in several different languages. 13. Mosses and liverworts have no true __stems___, ___leaves___, or _____roots_____. They also have no __vascular__tissue. Mosses and liverworts live in __moist__ conditions and reproduce by ____spores____. 14. Ferns do have true __stems___, ___leaves___, and _____roots_____. Ferns reproduce by __spores & rhizoids_____ and prefer to live in _____moist areas________. 15. Gymnosperms reproduce by _______seeds_________ but put them in a cone. Gymnosperms have scale or needle-like leaves to reduce water loss. 16. Angiosperms use ____flowers_______ and produce seeds that are inside a ___fruit____. The two types of angiosperms are the ___monocots___ and the ___dicots__. 17. Define a. Xylem- a narrow “tube” plants use to transport water and minerals upward from the roots, to whatever part needs it b. Phloem- a wider tube that transports food from the leaves to other parts of the plant 18. How do we classify protozoans? By their means of movement and by their means of getting food 19. Describe these three protozoans. a. ameba- has no cell wall and moves by means of pseudopods; it is a heterotroph and must catch its food b. paramecium- has a hard shell called a pellicle; is moves by means of cilia and is a heterotroph c. euglena- has a cell wall; it moves by means of a flagellum and has chloroplasts so it is an autotroph 20. Fill in the table below: Organism Prokaryote or Uni or Eukaryote multicellular Archaebacteria prokaryote unicellular Eubacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Protista Eukaryote Fungi Eukaryote Plantae Eukaryote Unicellular or multicellular Yeast unicelular; Most multicellular multicelluar Animalia Eukaryote multicelluar 21. Define: Reproduction Nutrition (how it gets food) Reproduces asexually by binary Most are heterotrophs, a few are fission chemical or photosynthetic autotrophs Reproduces asexually by binary Most are heterotrophs, a few fission or sexually by cyanobacteria are photosynthetic conjugation autotrophs Some asexually, some sexually, Protozoa are mostly heterotrophs some by both means All algae are autotrophs Reproduce both sexually by All are heterotrophs spores and asexually when Parasitic- eat living organisms hyphae move to new areas Saphrophytic- eat dead material Asexually- parts break off All are photosynthetic Sexually- make seeds or sopres autotrophs sexually very few- parts break All are heterotrophs off; Usually sexually Hybrid- organism produced when two similar, pure bred organisms interbreed Reproductive isolation- one organism cannot interbreed with another because there is some block Binomial Nomenclature- two name naming; a genus and species name 22. Fungi are __heterotrophs_. They have cell walls made of _chitin_, and many hyphae massed together make up the ___mycelium____Fungi have no true __stems___, _____leaves________, or _____roots______. Fungi get food because they are ____saprophytic______ (they eat dead things), or __parasitic______ (they eat living things). Fungi reproduce by forming ____spores______. 23. Define the following. Vertebrate- animal that has a backbone Invertebrate- animal that does not have a backbone 24. Give the characteristics of a fish using the guidelines below: Describe the heart- 2 chambered heart- 1 atrium & 1 ventricle What is the body covering? Scales covered with a mucus slime layer How do they breathe? Through gills How do they reproduce? They lay eggs & have External fertilization Are they warm or cold blooded? Cold-blooded How do they move? By fins; caudal (rear) fin provides the power, lateral (side) fins guide; Live in water 25. Give the characteristics of an amphibian using the guidelines below: Describe the heart- 3 chambers; 2 atria and one ventricle What is the body covering? Skin- must be kept moist How do they breathe? Through gills as a larvae (tadpole); through skin and lungs as an adult How do they reproduce? They lay eggs and have external fertilization Are they warm or cold blooded? Cold blooded How do they move? With legs; toes may be webbed, no claws on toes Any other interesting facts? Live on land & in water 26. Give the characteristics of a reptile using the guidelines below: Describe the heart- 3 to 3½ chambered heart; 2 atria and 1 ventricle What is the body covering? Hard dry scales How do they breathe? Through lungs How do they reproduce? Internal fertilization; lay eggs that have a shell and 4 layers of membranes Are they warm or cold blooded? Cold blooded How do they move? By legs; feet have claws on toes for better traction Any other interesting facts? Most are land animals 27. Give the characteristics of a bird using the guidelines below: Describe the heart- 4 chambers; 2 atria and 2 ventricles What is the body covering? Feathers on most of the body; scales on the legs How do they breathe? By lungs and air sacs in their hollow bones How do they reproduce? Internal fertilization; lay eggs that have 4 layers of membranes and a shell Are they warm or cold blooded? Warm blooded How do they move? By wings when flying; when walking, by legs; feet have claws on toes Any other interesting facts? Most can fly; some have vestigial wings and are called flightless birds 28. Give the characteristics of a mammal using the guidelines below: Describe the heart- 4 chambers; 2 atria and 2 ventricles What is the body covering? Fur or hair How do they breathe? By lungs How do they reproduce? Young are carried in mom until birth; female gives birth to live young Are they warm or cold blooded? Warm blooded How do they move? Usually by legs; feet have claws or nails on toes Any other interesting facts? Feed young with milk from mammary glands 29. What are the two major divisions of plants? Gymnosperms- “naked seeds,” produce cones; examples would be cedar, pine and fir trees Angiosperms- have flowers & produce fruits that enclose seed; examples would be any flowering tree, shrub, or plant