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Era III Unit 10 The Middle Ages (WHI.10) Text in white is for notes Medieval Europe c. 500 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) Voorhees The student will apply social science skills to understand Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by • a) locating and describing the societies of Western Europe during the Middle Ages in time and place; The student will apply social science skills to understand Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by • e) evaluating and explaining the development of feudalism and the manor system. I. Intro: Post-Roman Empire • Copy this graphic into your notes please: Eastern Roman Empire Roman Empire Western Roman Empire Middle Ages Mediterranean Basin/ Post-Roman Empire: The West • Middle AgesFeudalism • Roman Catholic Christianity • Latin language • Pope as religious leader • Rome as capital The East • Byzantine EmpireEmperors • Eastern Orthodox Christianity • Greek language • Patriarch as religious leader • Constantinople as capital THE MIDDLE AGES= WESTERN EUROPE DURING MEDIEVAL TIMES Feudalism and the Manor System Reading Activity • Read/ research- then summarize the feudal system and the manorial system. Feudalisma system to protect and unite • POLITICAL/ SOCIAL • feudalism developed to protect people in a time of war and anarchy • it worked pretty good and held things together • When feudalism proved its worth on a local basis, kings and emperors adopted it to strengthen their monarchies The Manor Systema system to sustain and cooperation • ECONOMIC/ SOCIAL • Manorialism developed to sustain people in a time of decreased trade and depression • Agricultural society • The manor= the main house – grounds surrounding – village type aspects – farming community Feudalism and Manor System: king knights/ church officials merchants peasants serfs Walled city of Carcassonne (the Cité) II. Medieval Europe 500 to 1000 A.D. (CE) The student will apply social science skills to understand Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by • b) describing the social, religious, and cultural development of the Franks, with emphasis on the Age of Charlemagne; A. Early Medieval Society 1. foundations: a) Roman heritage; constantly looking back and trying to recreate the “glory” of Rome b) Christianity; the Roman Catholic Church provided the central social and moral structure c) Germanic customs; the rise of the Warrior Culture Charlemagne •Charles the Great • one of the greatest military leaders in the Middle Ages •conquered much of western and central Europe •revived the political and cultural life that had disappeared with the fall of the Western Roman Empire four centuries before Q: How and why did the Church grow in importance during the Middle Ages? The Original St. Peter’s Basilica research and summarize to g.o. sheet: • Early Middle Ages V.I.P.s: • Clovis • Charles Martel • Pepin • Charlemagne • Why are they important? • How are they related? Time LineMedieval Europe The Decline of Rome • 27 B.C. – 180 CE – “The Pax Romana” – Rome experiences 200 years of peace and prosperity • 235 – 284 CE – Roman Civil War • 284 -305 CE – Emperor Diocletian – Reorganizes the empire to try and save it but it is too little too late (tries to save Empire) The Decline of Rome • 306 – 337 CE – Emperor Constantine – Legalizes Christianity – “Splits” empire into two halves and moves the capital east to “Constantinople” • 379 – 395 CE – Emperor Theodosius – Makes Christianity the official religion – Formally divides the empire into two parts The Decline of Rome • 410 CE – Visigoths “Sack” Rome – The first of a series of “barbarian” attacks on the Western Empire The Decline of Rome • 476 CE – The last Roman emperor is deposed (end of Western Roman Empire) – “Barbarian” Germans divide the Western Empires into kingdoms • The Franks – France • The Visigoths – Spain • The Lombards – Italy • The Angles and Saxons England – The Eastern Empire becomes “The Byzantine Empire” “The Dark Ages?” trying to rebuild Rome • 520 CE – St. Benedict organizes monasteries to preserve learning and education • 527 – 565 CE – Byzantine Emperor Justinian tries (and fails) to reunite the Roman Empire “Dark Ages?” Trying to rebuild Rome • 590 – 604 CE – Pope Gregory I (“The Great”) spreads Christianity to northern Europe and makes the papacy the political center of Europe – Competition between the popes and the Byzantine emperors begins – The popes and emperors argued • over who had the greatest authority (power) • They also argued over church teachings (issues) Christendom versus Islam • 570 – 632 CE – Life of Muhammad – Founds Islam • 636 – 651 CE – The Islamic Empire conquers Arabia, Persia, and Egypt • 711 CE – Muslims invade and conquer Spain • 717 – 732 CE – Charles Martel, leader of the Franks stops the Muslim invasion of Europe at the Battle of Tours, France – The Byzantine Empire stops the Muslim invasion of Constantinople Christendom versus Islam Charles MartelGrandfather of Charlemagne Pepin the Short (Pepin the Younger) • 752 CE- Becomes king of the Franks • R= Rex (king) P= Pepin B. The Age of Charlemagne • 768 – 814 CE – Charlemagne establishes the Frankish “Carolingian Empire” Charlemagne • • • • Charles the Great Carolus Magnus Charles I 800 CE- Charlemagne crowned Emperor – Makes an alliance with the pope – Attempts to establish a “Holy Roman Empire” using feudalism Age of Charlemagne: 1. Roman culture was reinterpreted a) Latin language b) Rome idealized 2. New empire 3. Built to unite: a) Churches b) Roads c) Schools Q: How did Charlemagne revive the idea of the Roman Empire? C. Invasion and New Kingdoms The student will apply social science skills to understand Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by • c) explaining the social, religious, and cultural development of the Magyars and Anglo-Saxons; 1. Groups move in, settle, and establish kingdoms a) Angles and Saxons From Continental Europe To England b) Magyars From Central Asia To Hungary c) Vikings From Scandinavia To Russia Medieval Europe c. 500 to 1000 A.D. Invasions and New Kingdoms 2. Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings a) disrupted trade b) towns declined c) feudal system strengthened 800’s CE: Collapse of Charlemagne’s empire Viking attacks and Muslim invasions lead to the spread of feudalism for protection The student will apply social science skills to understand Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by • d) describing the social, religious, and cultural patterns of the Vikings; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSC5bTSUgA4 Frig, Thor, and Odin Thor • hammer-wielding god • associated with: – thunder – lightning – storms – oak trees – strength – destruction – fertility – healing – protection of mankind 3. Treaty of Verdun= split up Charlemagne’s empire • Reached in 843 between the three surviving sons of the Carolingian emperor Louis I (the Pious) • Ended a struggle among the brothers for possession of the Frankish empire consolidated by their grandfather Charlemagne The Rise of Feudalism and Manorialism III. FEUDAL SOCIETY A. A system of protection The decline of Roman influence in Western Europe left people with little protection against invasion… 1. people needed protection so they entered into feudal agreements with land-holding lords who promised them protection… 2. Feudal Obligations = The mutual bonds of “loyalty” binding lords with their servants Feudal Society… B. Vocabulary 1. Fief = Land Granted to a “vassal” by his lord in exchange for military (or other) service 2. Vassals= A nobleman or knight sworn to provide military service to a higher ranking lord 3. Serfs= Also known as “villeins”; workers who belonged to the fief (not quite slaves, but close) . Feudal Society… • Knighthood and the “Cult” of Chivalry • Medieval knights were the ultimate warriors, trained from birth to “defend” the church, serve their lord, and uphold the code of chivalry Chain Mail Armor (between 11th and 14th centuries) Plate Armor (1480) Ornamental Armor (16th century) Medieval Times documentaries: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrl BNp3kszo&index=1&list=PLE2179BA64 5EB4FC1 IV. The Manorial System A. Rigid class structure (not flexible social classes) The Manorial System… B. Self-sufficient1. Each manor would produce all the food and as much materials as possible 2. There was very little trade 3. Barter system used/ shortage of money Florence, Italy- protected by walls copy this into your notes: king knights/ church officials merchants peasants serfs • Q: How did a feudal society develop in Europe during the Middle Ages? • Q: How did the medieval manor function as a social and economic system? Bodiam Castle, 14th Century, England Edinburgh Castle- 14th Century, Scotland Krak des Chevaliers- 12th-century fortress built by Crusaders in the Middle East 11th Century- Dover Castle built by William the Conqueror Bran Castle, 14th CenturyTransylvania, Romania PaintingWarwick Castle, England • Q: How did invasions by the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings influence the development of Europe? V. Agricultural Revolution= new technologies! A. Innovations to farming allowed peasants to greatly increase their amount of food production 1. Crop System- rotating fields- use two and let one rest (keep one fallow) 2. Technologies a. heavier plows and the yoke stronger tools to increase production b. windmills and watermills more efficient methods to process grains draw these in your notes… B. 1000’s CE Agricultural Revolution = population increase An “Agricultural Revolution” sweeps Europe Europe’s population explodes as better farming equipment and techniques are developed 1054= The Great Schism The Roman Catholic Church (led by the pope) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (led by the Byzantine Emperor) formally split over religious and political reasons The Norman Invasion 1066 CE Norman invasion of England The Normans were “Northmen” (Vikings) who were somewhat resistant to feudalism The Crusades… 1091 – 1099 CE The First Crusade A “Holy War” to “liberate” Jerusalem from the Muslims organized by the pope as an attempt to gain further influence over the kings and Byzantine Emperor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EAMqKUimr8 Time To review… Which of the following terms does not belong on this list? • A Middle Ages • B medieval Europe • C the Renaissance • D the Age of Faith The Early Middle Ages were during the years • • • • A 200–500. B 500–1600. C 500–1000. D 1000–1500. Which of the following was not a factor in shaping this time period? • • • • A The Eastern Orthodox Church B Customs of barbarian tribes C Roman heritage D The Roman Catholic Church Although the eastern half of the former Roman Empire thrived as the Byzantine Empire, the western half was controlled by many different groups of • • • • A Turks. B barbarians. C Muslims. D pagans. Charlemagne, King of the Franks, was also known as • • • • A Carolus Magnus. B Charles the Great. C the Holy Roman Emperor. D all of the above. Charlemagne was known for many things, including • • • • A his attack on the Pope. B ruling over a very small kingdom. C the importance he placed on education. D his short stature. From about 800 to 1000, Europe was raided by groups from the north called the • • • • A Muslims. B Huns. C Vikings. D Vandals. The Norse raiders also made settlements in all of the following places except • • • • A North Africa. B Newfoundland. C Normandy. D Iceland. Which of the following describes a manor? • A A small, self-sufficient community in the feudal system • B Land owned by peasants • C Communities where monks lived in poverty and worshipped God • D The lands around Rome that were controlled by the Pope Which of the following types of people could not be vassals of a lord? • • • • A Knights B Serfs C Women D Bishops c. Investiture- ___ d. Clergy- ____ e. papal states- ___ a. Treaty of Verdun- ___ b. Fief- ___ a. agreement that divided Charlemagne‘s empire b. a piece of land given to a vassal c. symbolic gesture/ ceremony representing the granting of Land d. priests of the Church e. lands ruled by the Pope b. Patrick- ___ d. Clovis- ___ e. Benedict- ___ c. Charles Martel- ___ a. Leif Ericson- ___ a. Viking explorer- sailed to Newfoundland b. missionary who established Christianity in Ireland c. defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours d. Frankish king who converted to Christianity e. Pope who created a set of rules for monastic life