Download Sparts of Peach

“Sparts of Peach”
A REVIEW of
PARTS OF SPEECH
Do you know them all and can you
identify them in a paragraph?
 Common Noun
 Proper Noun
 Abstract Noun
 Concrete Noun
 Pronoun
 Interrogative Pronouns
 Indefinite Pronouns
 Demonstrative Pronouns
 Adjectives
 Adverbs
 Verbs
 Helping Verbs
 Linking Verbs
 Infinitives
 Verb phrases
•Propositions
•Prepositional Phrases
•Conjunctions
•Interjections
•Verb tenses
•Superlative forms
•Comparative forms
 I F YOU DO NOT PASS April testing with a 70%, you
will be taking additional LA classes next year (2 or 3
LA a day)—NO ELECTIVES!
 This goes for Math too!
 IT ISVITAL THAT YOU NOT ONLY LEARN THIS YEAR
BUT THAT YOU REMEMBER WHATYOU LEARN AS
WELL!!!!
 How do “Sparts of Peach” (Parts of Speech) Help
you? If you know them you can use them to figure
out the answers to questions you don’t know.
Example
 Suppose you have an analogy question and you have no idea
what the answer is.
 Gasoline is to a car as _________is to a cell.
A. mildly
aqua
C. glucose
D. because
 If you know your parts of speech, you know a noun has to
go in the blank—the only noun in the answer list is C:
Glucose.
B.
THIS SHOULD BE REVIEW FOR ALL OF
YOU!!!
 Take good notes.You will need them to study for….
NOUNS
A PERSON, PLACE, THING,
EMOTION, IDEA OR
PHILOSOPHY.
TYPES OF NOUNS
 PROPER: CAPITALIZE THEM! They are specific





people, places, etc…
COMMON: Everything else!
CONCRETE: You can Touch these nouns (like you
can touch CONCRETE)
ABSTRACT: You cannot touch these nouns.
Examples: love, anger, Hinduism, etc…
Collective: group nouns (families, sisters , students)
Compound: 2 words together that make a new noun
Singular and Plural and Possessives
 USUAL RULE :ADD AN “S” OR ES TO PLURAL, MEANING
MORE THAN ONE
 SOME NOUNS ARE IRREGULAR,YOU WILL SPELL THEM
DIFFERENTLY TO MEAN MORE THAN 2.
 Possessive means ownership. If a word ends in ANY letter
other than s the rule is add: ‘S If the word ends in S already
add: S’
 Think of the apostrophe as a leash—if you OWN a dog it
has a leash, if you OWN anything else, it needs a leash too!
 There is only one word that doesn’t use an ‘ to show ownership. Do
you know what it is?
The exception..because there always is
one….
 If the word is singular and end’s in “s” add ‘s
 The word ITS is the only word in our language that does not
use an apostrophe to show ownership.
Let’s take apart the word first.
 PRO = FOR (pro is a prefix)
 Noun = person, place, thing, emotion, idea, philosophy
4 kinds
***Hint: take the word apart to figure
out what they are asking for.
 Personal
 Interrogative
 Demonstrative
 Indefinite
 Reflexive and Intensive
YOU USE THEM ALL THE TIME!!!!
 I, me, mine, my, we, our, ours = 1st Person
 You, your, yours=2nd Person
 He, she, it, his, hers, theirs= 3rd Person
•Who, which, where, why, when, whom,
who
 Somewhere, someone, anyone, no one,
everyone, any, few, most, several, etc…
 The coach congratulated himself. = reflexive (by itself)
 He himself trained the fine athletes.=intensive
(there are two pronouns back to back referring
to the same person.)
Agreement w/Indefinite pronouns &
Subject Verb Agreement
Pronouns and their verbs must
agree—don’t forget!!!
•Each of the countries in the
world has its own holiday.
•Some have holidays in honor of
their independence.
•Also, especially with pronouns,
be sure your verbs agree!
NO! NO! NO!
 In LA or in ANY class, you will use Formal Language. Do not
“text” in your papers. Capitalize your “I,” when you are
talking about yourself, DO NOT USE TEXTING SYMBOLS:
&, -N-, ----, 2, 4, C, etc….
Remember This Word!!!!!!
 Action: Can you stand up and DO it.
 Being: Can you Do it, but no one can see you doing it?
 (being verbs are usually helping verbs too)
 To Test a Verb by inserting it into this question: Can you
______________?
 Does it end in “ed” or “ing”—if so, it’s a verb
Other Kinds of Verbs
 Helping Verbs: Verbs that help others to establish tense,




usually past or future.
Linking Verbs: If can substitute the verb “is” for the verb in
the sentence, then the verb in the sentence is a linking verb.
Infinitive forms: The verb with the word “to” in front of it.
(to run, to jump, to have, to be)
Irregular verbs: Not conjugated using the original root
word. Example: TO BE
VERB PHRASES: Two verbs working together in the same
sentence. ***Verb phrases sometimes have adverbs or
adjectives in-between the verbs that are working together.
The verb “ to be” is usually used in a verb phrase.
Direct and Indirect Objects
or
(Who gets what for Christmas?)
 A direct object receives the ACTION of the verb.
 An indirect object shows who or what was effected by
the verb.
 Example: Jill showed Tom a diagram of a large ant colony.
 The diagram was “showed” (shown)—it is the DO-it
received the “showing.
 Tom was the “who” that was effected. (Hopefully he
learned something about ants)
ADJECTIVES
 ADJECTIVES Modify (describe) NOUNS
 They can “clump” together in a sentence
 They can Compare
 Proper= capitalized : Parisian jewelers, Swiss chocolate
Positive form= Regular Adjective: COLD or FRIDGID
Comparative form= COLDER or MORE FRIDGID
Superlative Form= COLDEST or MOST FRIDGID
Comparative Adjective Rules
 Regular Adjectives:
Comparative= add ER
Superlative= add EST
(see spelling rules page186-187)
 Irregular Adjectives:
Listen! (See Box on Page 188)
Correct: Good
Better
*we don’t say “Gooder” or “Betterer”
Best
 If the word after the article starts with a vowel or a silent
vowel sound, use “AN” otherwise use “A.”
 AN Apple, AN Honorable Man
 A cupcake
Adverbs Modify almost EVERYTHING! ( Verbs, other
adverbs, and adjectives)
 Verbs: Jack jumps very well.
 Adjectives: Joan wore a slightly torn dress.
 Other Adverbs: John ran quickly quietly down the hall.
Adverbs Tell When or If something
happens
 Yesterday, now, later. Never
 Be sure never to use double negatives. (You’ll sound like a
“country bumpkin!”)
 Example: “I don’t never go to the movies”
 Correct: I don’t EVER go to the movies.
 Tells: How, When, How much.
4 Tests for an Adverb
 Does it end in “ly”
 Is there a “Very?” (often it is modifying the very next word in
the sentence)
 Does some word tell when or if it happened (“day) words.
 Find the verb, then ask “does this word describe how that
verb was done?”
UH-OH: They have comparative and
superlative forms too! (it’s a syllable
thing)
 Positive: Brightly
 Comparative: more brightly
 Superlative: most brightly
 One or two syllables-add er (C)and est (S) (don’t forget to
drop the “ly”)
 More than two syllables add more © and most (s)
 Don’t use more or most with er or est
“Conjunction, junction, what’s your function? Hookin’ up
words and phrases, and clauses…”
 Conjunctions join things.You will need to use them when we
get to sentence pathways. Don’t Forget!
 Correlative conjunctions: 2 together
 Example: either +or, both + and
INTERJECTIONS!!!!!!!!!
 Show
EXTREME Emotion; they end with a “!”
Appositive Phrases
 An appositive phrase modifies (describes) a word FURTHER.
 IT IS ALWAYS SET APART BY 2 COMMAS IN THE
MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE!
 It modifies the noun it refers to.
 Examples:
 Mrs. Kemp, the Wicked Witch of the West, tortures us with
homework.
 Mrs. Kemp , the Good Witch of the North, gave us an extra
day on yesterday’s homework.
Don’t confuse Appositives with
Antecedents.
 Appositives modify words.
 Antecedents are the words
REPLACED by pronouns!
 Show relationships
 Prepositional Phrases start with a preposition and end with a noun.
 The NOUN at the end is always the object (beware of compound
objects)
 When you look for parts of speech in a sentence, cross out all the
prepositional phrases first—then test and choose from what is left.
 Don’ t let them dangle, it will be lonely. Ex: Give me the paper she
was writing on. Should be: on which she was writing.
ABOUT, ABOVE, AFTER, AGAINST
ALONG, AMONG, AROUND, AT
BEFORE, BEHIND, BELOW, BENEATH
BESIDES, BETWEEN, BEYOND, BY
DOWN, DURING,FOR,FROM,IN,INTO
ON, WITH, OVER, THROUGH, TO, TOWARDS,
LIKE, NEAR, AS, OFF, UNDER
WITHIN, WITHOUT, UNTIL
4 Types of Sentences
 Declarative: Makes a statement ;ends with a period.
 Interrogative: Asks a question; ends with a question mark.
 Imperative: Gives an order or command; ends with a period.
(Think training your dog)
 Exclamatory: Expresses STRONG feeling; ends with an
exclamation point.
4 Sentence Pathways
(use one of each in every paragraph!)
 Simple=1 subject + 1 verb
Example: The dog ran through the woods.
 Compound= 2 subjects + 2 verbs + 1 conjunction joining
the two.
Example: The dog ran through the woods and the cat jumped over the
fence.
 Complex= 1 simple sentence + a dependent phrase+ a comma
Example: While I was in the garage, the dog ran through the woods.
 Compound-Complex: 1 dependent phrase + a comma + 1
compound sentence
Example: While I was in the garage, the dog ran through the woods
and the cat jumped over the fence.
Complex and Compound Confusion?
 HINT: If they confuse you, always put your phrase at the
beginning and then just add a simple or compound sentence.
 Question: Is a sentence with an apositive phrase a simple
sentence?
NO!!!!!
Any time you put an appositive
phrase in a sentence, that sentence
then becomes either complex or
compound complex depending
upon how many subjects and verbs
are in the sentence.