* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Sparts of Peach
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Comparison (grammar) wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sotho parts of speech wikipedia , lookup
Hungarian verbs wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
“Sparts of Peach” A REVIEW of PARTS OF SPEECH Do you know them all and can you identify them in a paragraph? Common Noun Proper Noun Abstract Noun Concrete Noun Pronoun Interrogative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Adjectives Adverbs Verbs Helping Verbs Linking Verbs Infinitives Verb phrases •Propositions •Prepositional Phrases •Conjunctions •Interjections •Verb tenses •Superlative forms •Comparative forms I F YOU DO NOT PASS April testing with a 70%, you will be taking additional LA classes next year (2 or 3 LA a day)—NO ELECTIVES! This goes for Math too! IT ISVITAL THAT YOU NOT ONLY LEARN THIS YEAR BUT THAT YOU REMEMBER WHATYOU LEARN AS WELL!!!! How do “Sparts of Peach” (Parts of Speech) Help you? If you know them you can use them to figure out the answers to questions you don’t know. Example Suppose you have an analogy question and you have no idea what the answer is. Gasoline is to a car as _________is to a cell. A. mildly aqua C. glucose D. because If you know your parts of speech, you know a noun has to go in the blank—the only noun in the answer list is C: Glucose. B. THIS SHOULD BE REVIEW FOR ALL OF YOU!!! Take good notes.You will need them to study for…. NOUNS A PERSON, PLACE, THING, EMOTION, IDEA OR PHILOSOPHY. TYPES OF NOUNS PROPER: CAPITALIZE THEM! They are specific people, places, etc… COMMON: Everything else! CONCRETE: You can Touch these nouns (like you can touch CONCRETE) ABSTRACT: You cannot touch these nouns. Examples: love, anger, Hinduism, etc… Collective: group nouns (families, sisters , students) Compound: 2 words together that make a new noun Singular and Plural and Possessives USUAL RULE :ADD AN “S” OR ES TO PLURAL, MEANING MORE THAN ONE SOME NOUNS ARE IRREGULAR,YOU WILL SPELL THEM DIFFERENTLY TO MEAN MORE THAN 2. Possessive means ownership. If a word ends in ANY letter other than s the rule is add: ‘S If the word ends in S already add: S’ Think of the apostrophe as a leash—if you OWN a dog it has a leash, if you OWN anything else, it needs a leash too! There is only one word that doesn’t use an ‘ to show ownership. Do you know what it is? The exception..because there always is one…. If the word is singular and end’s in “s” add ‘s The word ITS is the only word in our language that does not use an apostrophe to show ownership. Let’s take apart the word first. PRO = FOR (pro is a prefix) Noun = person, place, thing, emotion, idea, philosophy 4 kinds ***Hint: take the word apart to figure out what they are asking for. Personal Interrogative Demonstrative Indefinite Reflexive and Intensive YOU USE THEM ALL THE TIME!!!! I, me, mine, my, we, our, ours = 1st Person You, your, yours=2nd Person He, she, it, his, hers, theirs= 3rd Person •Who, which, where, why, when, whom, who Somewhere, someone, anyone, no one, everyone, any, few, most, several, etc… The coach congratulated himself. = reflexive (by itself) He himself trained the fine athletes.=intensive (there are two pronouns back to back referring to the same person.) Agreement w/Indefinite pronouns & Subject Verb Agreement Pronouns and their verbs must agree—don’t forget!!! •Each of the countries in the world has its own holiday. •Some have holidays in honor of their independence. •Also, especially with pronouns, be sure your verbs agree! NO! NO! NO! In LA or in ANY class, you will use Formal Language. Do not “text” in your papers. Capitalize your “I,” when you are talking about yourself, DO NOT USE TEXTING SYMBOLS: &, -N-, ----, 2, 4, C, etc…. Remember This Word!!!!!! Action: Can you stand up and DO it. Being: Can you Do it, but no one can see you doing it? (being verbs are usually helping verbs too) To Test a Verb by inserting it into this question: Can you ______________? Does it end in “ed” or “ing”—if so, it’s a verb Other Kinds of Verbs Helping Verbs: Verbs that help others to establish tense, usually past or future. Linking Verbs: If can substitute the verb “is” for the verb in the sentence, then the verb in the sentence is a linking verb. Infinitive forms: The verb with the word “to” in front of it. (to run, to jump, to have, to be) Irregular verbs: Not conjugated using the original root word. Example: TO BE VERB PHRASES: Two verbs working together in the same sentence. ***Verb phrases sometimes have adverbs or adjectives in-between the verbs that are working together. The verb “ to be” is usually used in a verb phrase. Direct and Indirect Objects or (Who gets what for Christmas?) A direct object receives the ACTION of the verb. An indirect object shows who or what was effected by the verb. Example: Jill showed Tom a diagram of a large ant colony. The diagram was “showed” (shown)—it is the DO-it received the “showing. Tom was the “who” that was effected. (Hopefully he learned something about ants) ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES Modify (describe) NOUNS They can “clump” together in a sentence They can Compare Proper= capitalized : Parisian jewelers, Swiss chocolate Positive form= Regular Adjective: COLD or FRIDGID Comparative form= COLDER or MORE FRIDGID Superlative Form= COLDEST or MOST FRIDGID Comparative Adjective Rules Regular Adjectives: Comparative= add ER Superlative= add EST (see spelling rules page186-187) Irregular Adjectives: Listen! (See Box on Page 188) Correct: Good Better *we don’t say “Gooder” or “Betterer” Best If the word after the article starts with a vowel or a silent vowel sound, use “AN” otherwise use “A.” AN Apple, AN Honorable Man A cupcake Adverbs Modify almost EVERYTHING! ( Verbs, other adverbs, and adjectives) Verbs: Jack jumps very well. Adjectives: Joan wore a slightly torn dress. Other Adverbs: John ran quickly quietly down the hall. Adverbs Tell When or If something happens Yesterday, now, later. Never Be sure never to use double negatives. (You’ll sound like a “country bumpkin!”) Example: “I don’t never go to the movies” Correct: I don’t EVER go to the movies. Tells: How, When, How much. 4 Tests for an Adverb Does it end in “ly” Is there a “Very?” (often it is modifying the very next word in the sentence) Does some word tell when or if it happened (“day) words. Find the verb, then ask “does this word describe how that verb was done?” UH-OH: They have comparative and superlative forms too! (it’s a syllable thing) Positive: Brightly Comparative: more brightly Superlative: most brightly One or two syllables-add er (C)and est (S) (don’t forget to drop the “ly”) More than two syllables add more © and most (s) Don’t use more or most with er or est “Conjunction, junction, what’s your function? Hookin’ up words and phrases, and clauses…” Conjunctions join things.You will need to use them when we get to sentence pathways. Don’t Forget! Correlative conjunctions: 2 together Example: either +or, both + and INTERJECTIONS!!!!!!!!! Show EXTREME Emotion; they end with a “!” Appositive Phrases An appositive phrase modifies (describes) a word FURTHER. IT IS ALWAYS SET APART BY 2 COMMAS IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE! It modifies the noun it refers to. Examples: Mrs. Kemp, the Wicked Witch of the West, tortures us with homework. Mrs. Kemp , the Good Witch of the North, gave us an extra day on yesterday’s homework. Don’t confuse Appositives with Antecedents. Appositives modify words. Antecedents are the words REPLACED by pronouns! Show relationships Prepositional Phrases start with a preposition and end with a noun. The NOUN at the end is always the object (beware of compound objects) When you look for parts of speech in a sentence, cross out all the prepositional phrases first—then test and choose from what is left. Don’ t let them dangle, it will be lonely. Ex: Give me the paper she was writing on. Should be: on which she was writing. ABOUT, ABOVE, AFTER, AGAINST ALONG, AMONG, AROUND, AT BEFORE, BEHIND, BELOW, BENEATH BESIDES, BETWEEN, BEYOND, BY DOWN, DURING,FOR,FROM,IN,INTO ON, WITH, OVER, THROUGH, TO, TOWARDS, LIKE, NEAR, AS, OFF, UNDER WITHIN, WITHOUT, UNTIL 4 Types of Sentences Declarative: Makes a statement ;ends with a period. Interrogative: Asks a question; ends with a question mark. Imperative: Gives an order or command; ends with a period. (Think training your dog) Exclamatory: Expresses STRONG feeling; ends with an exclamation point. 4 Sentence Pathways (use one of each in every paragraph!) Simple=1 subject + 1 verb Example: The dog ran through the woods. Compound= 2 subjects + 2 verbs + 1 conjunction joining the two. Example: The dog ran through the woods and the cat jumped over the fence. Complex= 1 simple sentence + a dependent phrase+ a comma Example: While I was in the garage, the dog ran through the woods. Compound-Complex: 1 dependent phrase + a comma + 1 compound sentence Example: While I was in the garage, the dog ran through the woods and the cat jumped over the fence. Complex and Compound Confusion? HINT: If they confuse you, always put your phrase at the beginning and then just add a simple or compound sentence. Question: Is a sentence with an apositive phrase a simple sentence? NO!!!!! Any time you put an appositive phrase in a sentence, that sentence then becomes either complex or compound complex depending upon how many subjects and verbs are in the sentence.