Download Ch 2 Principles of Ecology

Ch 2 Principles of Ecology
2-1 Organisms and Their Environment
A. What is Ecology? – the ________ ____ interactions among __________________ and their
__________________. Ecologists use _____________________ and _____________________
observations to determine relationships between the ________________ and _______________
factors in an ecosystem.
1. _____________ ______________ – the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment
Ex: water, minerals, weather, sunlight…
2. _____________ _____________ – All the living organisms that inhabit an environment
Ex: Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
B. Aspects of Ecological study – living things can be found in the _________, _________, and
both fresh and salt _________. This thin layer where life can be found is called the biosphere.
C. Levels of Organization – Scientists cannot explain how life originated. Science can observe
____________________, which states: life comes from life. So how is life ____________________ ?
The part of the earth where _______
can be __________. Ex: any
ecosystem
Composed of the
__________________ among the
____________________ in a
community and the
____________factors. Ex: bacteria,
fungi, plants, animals, weather, water,
temperature...
A collection of
____________________ populations
Ex: bacteria, fungi, plants and
animals
A group of organisms of the same
__________ that
____________________ and live in
the same time and __________
____________________
living thing
____________________,
____________________
and organ systems
The ________ unit of life. All living
things contain ____ or ________ cells
and all cells come from ______existing cells
Cheek cells
Amoeba
________ of atoms bonded together.
Bonds can be ________ (charge
bond) or _________ (sharing
electrons). Ex: H2O
The Periodic Table of Elements.
Each ________________of an atom
contains ________________(+) and
_______________(neutral).
_____________ (-) orbit the nucleus.
D. Organisms in Ecosystems
1. ____________________ – the ____________________ where an organism lives out its life.
Ex: an earthworm feeds on organic material from the soil it moves through
2. ____________________ – the ____________________ and position a species has in its
environment. Ex: The earthworm’s role is to decompose, recycle nutrients and be part of the food
chain.
3. Living relationships
a). ____________________ – means living together
b). _________________________- a relationship in which one species
____________________ and the other is ____________________ harmed nor benefited. Ex: birds
that live near grazing animals such as cows . Cowbirds benefit from the insects that are disturbed by
the grazing and the cows are neither harmed nor benefited
c). _________________________- a relationship in which __________ species
____________________. Ex: Ants and the acacia tree. Ants protect the tree by attacking any animal
that tries to feed on it. The tree provides nectar and a home for the ants.
d). _________________________- a relationship in which one species benefits at the
____________________ of another. Ex: a tick or leech attaches to its host. The parasite leaches
nutrients from the host.
Ch 2 Principles of Ecology cont…
2-2 Nutrition and Energy Flow
A. How Organisms Obtain Energy
1. ________________ (producer)- means “self-feeder”
Ex: plants
2. ________________ (consumer)- feeds off of other organisms
Ex: animals
3. ________________ - eat animals that have already died
4. ________________ - break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms
B. Matter and Energy Flow in Ecosystems
1. ________________ ________________ (pathways for matter and energy)- shows how
matter and energy flow through an ecosystem
Ex: algae
fish
heron
2. ________________ ________________ – expresses all the possible feeding relationships
Bear
Deer
Seeds
Owl
Chipmunk
Berries
Word origion
Consumer food
Grass
Herbivore
3. Trophic level – “feeding step”
-Only 10% of food energy is passed from
Step to step
C. Cycles in Nature
1. The water cycle
Grouse
fruit
Carnivore
Omnivore
2. The carbon
cycle
3. The nitrogen cycle
4. The Phosphorus cycle