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Transcript
Renaissance in Italy Describe the characteristics of the Renaissance and understand why it began in Italy. Identify Renaissance artists and explain how new ideas affected the arts of the period. Understand how writers of the time addressed Renaissance themes Analyze how the Renaissance shaped European thought, art and religion Political social economic cultural Political/ Economic social cultural Kings and church leaders had to make room at the top of the power structure for wealthy bankers and merchants. Raphael’s St. George Sistine Cherub System based on King granting land to his important noblemen who became barons. The nobles in exchange pledged loyally to the king and to provide supplies and soldiers in time of war Most Europeans were peasant farmers working on the land of a Feudal nobleman. Slow shift from agricultural to an urban society Trade assumed greater importance than in the past Renaissance Creative thinking let people comprehend world more accurately New technology let people comprehend world more accurately As the Feudal system developed, the peasants or serfs became tied to the land, not allowed to leave it without permission of the lord of the manner. The poor underneath coliseum The divisions consisted of the old rich, the new rich nobles, the middle class, and the lower middle class (The poor didn't count) After Before Perhaps of greatest importance was that Europeans began to develop a radically different self image as they moved from a God-centered to a more humanistic outlook. Beauty was believed to afford at least some glimpse of a transcendental existence. The ideal life was no longer a monastic escape from society, but a full participation in rich and varied human relationships. Renaissance thinkers continued to use Latin as the language of the church as well as for scholarship Living in the here and now was challenged by philosophical beliefs secular and human interests became more prominent. Felt their era was a time of rebirth after what they saw as the disorder and disunity of the medieval world. Michelangelo sculpted his masterpiece out of a block of marble Yesterday I was Today I am Tomorrow I don’t know thelma & louise In contrast, Renaissance thinkers explored the richness & variety of human experience in here and now Instead of the creator titans Renaissance ideal included a person with many talents Curiosity led people to explore new worlds or to reexamine old ones. Scientists looked at the universe in new ways With new forms and techniques e40 “To (man) it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.” Italian thinker: Pico della Mirandola idol Humanities : include study of the following subjects… Humanists valued education Francesco Petrarch: assembles a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts Believed that it stimulated the individual’s creative powers Encouraged others to preserve the works of Great Roman and Greek classics, Italy was divided into many small city-states Each Italian city-state was controlled by a powerful family and dominated by a wealthy and powerful merchant family. -their interest in art and emphasis on personal achievement helped to shape the Italian Renaissance. of Florence ranked among the richest merchants and bankers in Europe. Pope Pius II, said: "Political questions are settled in [Cosimo's] house. The man he chooses holds office...He it is who decides peace and war...He is king in all but name.” -family continued as uncrowned rulers of the city for many years In practice but not ordained by law. “In fact” Lorenzo de' Medici (January 1, 1449 – April 9, 1492) was an Italian statesman and de factor ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance. Clever politician that held Florence together during the difficult times in The late 1400’s Death marked the end of Golden Age in Florence Buried in Medici Palace in Florence He invited poets and philosophers to the Medici Palace Medici’s great wealth and influence informed Florence more than any other city Donatello’s soldier During the Renaissance, painters returned to the realism of classical times by developing new techniques for representing both humans and landscape Giving their work energy and realism, Renaissance artists used setting to make objects look round and real-- and new oils to reflect light. As a result they were able to portray the human body more accurately than Medieval artists Renaissance architecture Architect Leon described architecture as a “…form meant to blend beauty with utility and improvement of society.” Renaissance artists adopted the column, arches, and domes that had been favored by the Greek and Roman Similar arch depicted in Renaissance art Filippo Brunelleschi (Broo Nay Lays Kee) created a majestic dome of the Pantheon in Rome *multi-talented *studied the arts and sculptures with Donatello *accomplished engineer * inventing many of the machines used to construct his dome. Leonardo had endless curiosity that fed his genius for invention He made sketches of nature and of models in his studio, and dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work. The Last Supper, showing Jesus and his apostles on the night before the crucifixion, is both a moving religious painting and a masterpiece of perspective. However he had many talents including botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering Though most of his paintings are lost today, his many notebooks survive as a testament to his genius and creativity. He was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet. Michelangelo has been called a “melancholy genius” because his work reflects his many life-long spiritual and artistic struggles. In his twenties, he created masterpieces such as David and the Pietà marble. The Pietà which captures the sorrow of the Biblical Mary as she cradles her dead son Jesus on her knees. The biblical shepherd who killed the giant Goliath, recalls the harmony and grace of ancient Greek tradition. Temptation and fall The enormous task, which took four years to complete and left the artist partially crippled, depicted the biblical history of the world from the Creation to the Flood. His most famous design was for the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome. Served as a model for later structures like the White House Raphael (rah fah el) (1483–1520) was widely admired both for his artistic talent and “his sweet and gracious nature.” Raphael studied the works of the great masters but developed his own style of painting that blended Christian and classical styles. Tender portrayal of the Mother of Jesus Raphael pictured an imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientists, including Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, and the Arab philosopher Averroës. Raphael included the faces of Michelangelo, Leonardo—and himself. “In him was great bodily strength . . . with a spirit and courage ever royal and magnanimous; and the fame of his name so increased, that not only in his lifetime was he held in esteem, but his reputation became even greater among posterity after his death.” Ideal man: athletic—but not overactive; good at games—but not a gambler; plays musical instrument, knows history and literature—but is not arrogant dw highlights She is graceful and kind, lively but reserved. She is beautiful, “for outer beauty,” wrote Castiglione, “is the true sign of inner goodness.” Unlike ancient writers such as Plato, Machiavelli did not discuss leadership in terms of high ideals. wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power Machiavelli stressed that the end justifies the means. He urged rulers to use whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals. ruthless but critics attacked his cynical advice. Later students of government, however, argued that Machiavelli provided a realistic look at politics.