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Kingdom Animalia
Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom
Over 2 Million Species
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
No Cell Walls
General Classification
Invertebrates – animals that do not have a
backbone
• Compose 95-97% of the animal kingdom
• Include animals such as Sponges, Jellyfish,
Worms, Snails, Clams, Squids, Spiders,
Insects, Sea Stars, and many more
General Classification
Vertebrates – animals that do have a
backbone
• Compose 3-5% of the Animal Kingdom
• Include animals such as Reptiles,
Amphibians, Mammals, Fish, and Birds
Cell Specialization
Considering that animals are multicellular,
they have cells with specialized functions!
• Levels of Organization
Cells (enveloped by a cell membrane)
Tissues (groups of similar cells)
Organs (2-4 types of tissues)
Organ Systems (composed of many organs)
Organ Systems
• Animals come in many shapes and sizes.
• The complexity of organ systems from one
animal to the next can vary greatly!
• Each animal must have a way to complete
the following functions: Feeding,
Respiration, Circulation, Excretion,
Response, Movement, and Reproduction
FEEDING
• Some animals have mouths (i.e., humans) to
assist in feeding where as others are filter
feeders and absorb nutrients from the water
around them (i.e., sponges)
• Some animals therefore have a very developed
digestive system whereas others do not.
• However they get food, all animals are
heterotrophic and need nutrients for energy!
FEEDING
• Herbivores eat plants
• Carnivores eat other
animals
• Omnivores eat plants and
animals
FEEDING
• Filter feeders strain
organisms from the water
• Detritivores feed on
detritus (dead organic
matter)
• Some animals form
symbiotic relationships
RESPIRATION
• Some animals have a very developed
respiratory system that includes a trachea
(windpipe) and lungs. Others simply
absorb oxygen through their skin from the
environment
CIRCULATION
• Not all animals have
blood and extensive
circulatory systems.
• The main functions of
the circulatory system
are to transport
nutrients and oxygen
to the cells and carry
waste away.
• For those simple animals that can transport
oxygen, nutrients, and waste by diffusion, a
developed system is not necessary
EXCRETION
• A primary waste product of cellular metabolism
is ammonia, a poisonous substance that
contains nitrogen
• Ammonia must be eliminated from the body
• Humans use kidneys to rid the body of ammonia
waste in urine. Other organisms mix ammonia
with feces or allow the ammonia to diffuse into
the surrounding water
RESPONSE
• Every animal must respond to the
environment. Some are able to respond
more quickly and dramatically than others,
depending on the complexity of their
nervous system
• Some animals have only have a few nerve
cells while others have brains
• Cephalization – concentration of sense
organs at the front of an animals body
MOVEMENT
• Some animals are sessile
• Most animals can move from place to
place
• Movement also includes the forcible
movement of particles within an animal
during such processes as digestion and
circulation
• Animals are the only kingdom that have
muscles
REPRODUCTION
• Most animals produce sexually by the
production of gametes. This maintains
genetic diversity.
• Many also reproduce asexually.
BODY SYMMETRY
• Radial Symmetry
• Bilateral Symmetry
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
How does evolution occur?
Step 1: Organisms vary
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
How does evolution occur?
Step 2: Varied organisms compete over scarce resources
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
How does evolution occur?
Step 3: Certain variations survive & reproduce;
• Step
3: Certain variations survive and
Adaptations are passed on through the
population
reproduce
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
How does evolution occur?
• Step 4: Adapted populations become
geographically isolated & form subspecies
Arizona
Coues Deer
Minnesota Whitetail Deer
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
How does evolution occur?
• Step 5: Subspecies may eventually form
separate species
Blacktail Deer
Whitetail Deer
Mule Deer
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Darwin’s background
 Born in 1809 in England
 Tried medical school (Edinburgh)
 Switched to theology school (Cambridge)
 Joined the crew of the HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Darwin’s background
 Set sail in 1831: voyage around the world
 Numerous observations, enormous collections
 Led him to propose a revolutionary theory
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Why revolutionary?
Europeans in Darwin’s day
 Earth was only a few thousand years old
 Neither Earth nor life had changed
(robins had not changed)
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Cape Verde Islands
Found a band of white sea shells in a cliff
Band was 40 ft. above sea level
? How did marine organisms get above sea
?
level?
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Explored rainforest about 100 miles up coast
Collected 68 beetle species in one day
? How did such amazing diversity arise?
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Punta Alta, Argentina
Found a giant, rodent-like fossil
Unknown at the time, later named Toxodon
? What caused its extinction?
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Punta Alta, Argentina
Found a giant, fossil ground sloth
Unknown at the time, later named Megatherium
? What caused its extinction?
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Buenos Aries, Argentina
Found a giant, fossil armadillo
Unknown at the time, later named Glyptodon
? What caused its extinction?
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
St. Fe Bajada , Argentina
Found a large molar tooth
Later identified as a mastodon tooth
? How can South American and European
species be so similar?
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Valdivia, Chile
 Witnessed an earthquake
 Noted that marine rock rose a few feet above sea level
?
Can land rise up slowly over long expanses of time?
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Villa Vicencio, Chile
6000 feet above sea level
700 miles from the coast
Mountains formed of submarine lava flows
?
How long ago was this land underwater?
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
The Galapagos Islands
 Volcanic islands 600 miles west of S.A.
 Close together but different climates
 Smaller islands: hot, dry, barren
 Larger islands: wetter, more diverse
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
The Galapagos Islands
 Noted several brown, ordinary birds
 Noted diversity in beaks and feeding
habits
 Did not realize they were all finches
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
The Galapagos Islands
 Later hypothesized common ancestry
 Known today as adaptive radiation
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
The Galapagos Islands
 Noted similarity of very different organisms:
penguins, fish, and porpoises
 Known today as convergent evolution
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Emu Ferry, Australia
 Astonished by Australian creatures
 Particularly the platypus
?
Why are Australian animals so unique?
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Keeling Islands
Noted islands were composed entirely of coral
? Did a coral reef grow on an ancient
volcano?
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Madagascar
 Examined an orchid
 Nectar at the tip of a 40 cm long spur
? Is there a pollinator with a 40 cm tongue?
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Madagascar
 Hypothesis later confirmed
 Example of coevolution
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
On the Origin of Species
 Brought back specimens from around
world
 Began writing: diversity and evolution
 Did not rush!
 Ideas challenged thought of the day
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
On the Origin of Species
 Finally published in 1859
 Mechanism: natural selection
 Some thought it brilliant!
 Others were very opposed