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Download 2nd Declension Nouns - Ch 4
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Introduction to Nouns: Second Declension Chapter 4 Inflection A changing of the form of a word to allow it to perform different functions. The inflection of a noun is called a declension She – Her Child – Children Speak – Speaking – Speaks – Spoke – Spoken In Greek, nouns must be inflected (declined) since word order doesn’t necessarily determine their function. In English, word order, along with the use of prepositions, determines a noun’s function in the sentence. In other words, English word order, etc., takes the place of Greek declensions. Exception: Weird English English does have a few case endings only when showing possession (student’s, book’s, et al.). That is, a few English words are declined. Word Order Examples He is your father. (Note that “He” is the subject because “He” precedes the verb.) English will, on occasion, allow a “Yoda” moment. Stung by the bee he was. But this is rare, unusual, and still requires a helping verb. Continued . . . The father gave the book to the library. (Note that “library” is the indirect object because “library” follows the preposition “to”.) Case, in a Greek noun, indicates the form of the word needed to express that noun’s relationship to the other words of the sentence. Greek Cases Case Function Example Men see apostles. Subject Nominative Genitive Possession The homes of men God gave wisdom Dative Indirect to men. Object Apostles see men. Accusative Direct Object Forward, men! Vocative Address Case, in a Greek noun, indicates the form of the word needed to express that noun’s relationship to the other words of the sentence. Word order isn’t as significant as case. Subject? ajkouvei a[vvvvnqrwpoV qeovn. Direct Object? ajkouvei a[nqrwpon qeovV. There are 3 declensions for Greek nouns. Each group contains nouns with the same pattern of endings. Declension Stems end with o. They are mostly masculine & neuter. 1st Declension Stems end with a or h. They are primarily feminine. 3rd Declension Stems end with a consonant. 2nd 2nd Declension Nom Sng Gen Sng Dat Sng Acc Sng Nom Pl Gen Pl Dat Pl Acc Pl Masculine ku,rioj ku,riou ku,riw| ku,rion ku,rioi ku,riwn ku,rioij ku,riouj a lord Voc Sng of a lord ku,rie to a lord Lord! a lord lords of lords Voc Sng to lords ku,rioi lords Lords! 2nd Declension Nom Sng Gen Sng Dat Sng Acc Sng Nom Pl Gen Pl Dat Pl Acc Pl Neuter dw/ron dw,rou dw,rw| dw/ron dw/ra dw,rwn dw,roij dw/ra a gift Voc Sng of a gift dw/ron to a gift a gift a gift gifts of gifts Voc Pl to gifts dw/ra gifts gifts Neuter plural nouns regularly take singular verbs. I don’t know why; they just do, OK? ajkouvei tevkna lovgouV oi[kw/. Other Uses of the Genitive & Dative • ablative genitive – indicates source (“from a house”) • locative dative – indicates location (“in a field”) • instrumental dative – indicates means (“by a word”) • dative of personal advantage – indicates what something is for (“for a man”) You just have to learn them by seeing them . . . . over & over & over & over & over, & by the way, over Holy Crap! Something just like English! • Copulative verbs “link” subject and predicate – I am he. Both subject and object are in the nominative case because the verb “to be” links them. • eijmiv is a copulative verb. As a result, the subject and object should both be in nominative case. – eijmiv ajdelfovV (not eijmiv ajdelfovn) We aren’t quite ready to decline the definite article (“the”). For now, you need to know the following: Masculine oJ Feminine hJ Neuter tov Conjunctions Coordinating Subordinating kaiv – and, also, even Coordinating conjunctions connect parallel words or clauses. dev – now, but ajllav - but kaiv...kaiv – both...and Subordinating conjunctions introduce clauses dependent on some other clause. Conjunctions Coordinating dev is postpositive. e.g., douvlouV blevyeiV, ajnqrwvpouV de; blevyomen. ajllav elides. e.g., eijmiv ajpovstoloV, ajll= uiJoiv ejste. Greek Word Order The subject normally goes after the verb in NT texts. gravfousin uiJoi; lovgouV. Likewise, the genitive normally follows its noun. gravfousin uiJoi; ajpostovlou lovgouV. When word order alters from these general cases, emphasis is usually intended. ajpovstolon blevpei a[nqrwpoV. It is an apostle a man sees. eijmiv qeou: dou:loV. am God’s servant. I Example of Irregular 2nd Declension “Jesus” Nom Sng Gen Sng Dat Sng Acc Sng jIhsouV jIhsou: jIhsou: jIhsou:n Jesus of Jesus Voc Sng to Jesus jIhsou: Jesus Jesus!