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Psychoanalysis Freud…and those who weren’t Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis: a method for the investigation of mental processes, inaccessible by other means. A therapeutic method for neurotic disorders. Psychoanalysis • • • • • • • Not directly comparable to the others Distinct from mainstream Not a true science Arose from medicine and psychiatry Subject matter is abnormal behavior Primary method is clinical observation Accepts and deals with the unconscious – Not accepted by Structuralists, Functionalists, or Behaviorists Antecedent influences on Psychoanalysis The Unconscious Mind • Gottfried Leibnitz’s (1646-1716) • Monadology • When enough petites perceptions are grouped together, an expansion results (Apperception) • The sound of breaking waves not perceived as a combination of individual drops The Unconscious Mind • 1880’s Europe: ideas about the unconscious – A part of the intellectual climate – A fashionable topic of conversation • Freud proposed a method to study the unconscious History of Psychopathology • Freud aimed to correct historic misconceptions of mental disorders – 2000 B.C. Babylonians: Demonic Possession • Treated humanely with magic and prayer – Hebrew cultures: Punishment for sin • Used magic and prayer to treat it (sometimes inhumanely) – Greek philosophers: Disordered thought • Used persuasive, healing power of words to treat it Treapanation History of Psychopathology • 4th-15th c. Christianity: Demonic Possession – Torture and execution • 15th-18th c. inquisitions – Accused of heresy and witchcraft – Searched out symptoms of mental disorder – Severely punished any symptoms of mental disorder – Beat it out of you! • 18th c. Viewed as “Irrational behavior” History of Psychopathology – Confined mentally ill to institutions – No longer put to death, but no treatment offered – Some chained, restrained, hooked on a wall History of Psychopathology • Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) – Mental illness is a biological phenomenon to be treated by natural-science methods – Freed patients from chains – Paid attention to their problems – Precise case histories – Careful records of cure rates – Number of “cured” patients increased Psychology in the new World • Benjamin Rush (1746-1813) – First American Psychiatrist – Devised revolving chair – Used type of shock treatment: plunged patients into ice water – First tranquilizing technique: restrained in a chair; Pressure to head via wooden blocks/vise – The objective was to prevent institutionalization History of Psychopathology • Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) – Leading reformer of U.S. Insane asylums – Very religious • Taught Sunday School to prisoners • Pivotal moment in her life – Actively worked to establish Pinel’s reforms all over U.S. – Self-described advocate of the mentally ill History of Psychopathology Two schools in 19th c. psychiatry 1. Somatic (Dominant): causes of abnormal behavior are physical • Brain lesions or “understimulated” or “tight” nerves – Required physical intervention 2. Psychic: causes of abnormal behavior are emotional or psychological • Treatment through talking Psychoanalysis: An organized revolt against the somatic school of thought History of Psychopathology • Emmanuel Movement – Originator: Elwood Worcester • Rector of Emmanuel church, Boston, Massachusetts • Ph.D. In philosophy and psychology from University of Leipzig • Studied under Wundt • Height of movement: 1906-1910 • Psychologists were horrified by the prospect of clergymen acting as therapists, but it opened the door for… Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Three shocks to the human ego (Freud, 1917) 1. Copernicus: Earth not center of universe 2. Darwin: Humans not a distinctive species 3. Freud: Unconscious forces rather than rational thought govern our lives/moods Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • Most of life in Vienna • Became a medical doctor – Wished for academic research – Brücke, his professor and director of the physiological lab where Freud trained, dissuaded him – Freud too poor to provide for himself in interim • Taking Brücke’s advice, Freud took medical exams for private practice Sigmund Freud • 1881 Started Clinical Neurology practice and “adopted by” Joseph Breuer – Respiration, semicircular canals – Catharsis approach led to Freud’s Free Association • Anna O. (Bertha Poppenheim) – Crucial to development of psychoanalysis – Wide range of hysterical symptoms – Symptoms first manifested while nursing her dying father Breuer and Anna O. • Hypnosis offered insight to problems and small accomplishments • Anna o. (Bertha Pappenheim) not cured by Breuer – Institutionalized! • Exhibited a myriad of symptoms • Addicted to the morphine prescribed by Breuer for facial pain • Breuer described Anna as deranged to Freud; Wished for her death to end her suffering Anna O. • Somehow overcame emotional problems • Social worker, Feminist • Anna O. Case introduced Freud to the method of catharsis, the talking cure • Freud’s method built on a case that wasn’t resolved! Freud in France (1885) • Through work with Jean-Martin Charcot, became interested in hysterical patients (hypnosis) • Charcot pointed to sex as the origin of Hysteria • Freud tried hypnosis, but eventually dropped it Sigmund Freud • Returned to Vienna • Published case histories of Hysteria with Breuer • Attempted to convince him of the link between sex and hysteria • He didn’t buy it and it ended their relationship Developing his Own System • Ideas from Darwin – Humans are driven by biological forces of love and hunger – Sex drive as a necessity for survival – Unconscious mental processes and conflicts – The significance of dreams – Notion of continuity in emotional behavior from childhood to adulthood. – The drive for survival is there from the beginning The Childhood Seduction Controversy • 1896: based on free-association data, reported that patients exposed childhood seduction traumas often caused by family member • His conclusion: seduction traumas caused adult neurotic behavior • Widely ridiculed at the meeting and withdrew his remarks one year later • Scholars still wonder if his reversal was a genuine admission of error or an attempt to sterilize psychoanalysis for the masses The Childhood Seduction Controversy • Sexuality a dangerous, animal need • Considered the act itself to be degrading • Age 41: gave up sex and acknowledged his own sexual problems. • Conducted exhaustive self-analysis to figure things out • The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) is heavily influenced by self-analysis Sigmund Freud • Much of his theory is autobiographical – Father 20 years older than mother • Strict, authoritarian • Both feared and loved by Freud – Mother • Protective, loving • Freud emotionally attached to her • She was enormously proud of him – Oedipus complex • Fear of father • Sexual attraction to mother Mechanism and Determinism in Freud’s System • Strict mechanist and determinist – – – – In agreement with structuralists and behaviorists No free will, every action has a cause Both unconscious and conscious motives are causal Principles of natural science can explain all phenomena – By using term psychoanalysis, Freud was signaling the importance of the analytic methods used in physics and chemistry Criticism by academic Psychologists • 1916: all things German were distrusted because of Germany’s wartime aggression • Christine Ladd-Franklin: psychoanalysis as product of “undeveloped German mind” • Robert Woodworth: psychoanalysis as “uncanny religion” • J. B. Watson: psychoanalysis as “voodooism” • James McKeen Cattell: Freud as living in a world of dreams populated by sexually perverted orgies Freud in the Texts • Early 1920’s books included some of Freud’s ideas • Defense mechanisms, the unconscious mind, and dream analysis attracted important attention • As a whole, in the heyday of behaviorism, psychoanalysis was ignored The Scientific Validation of Psychoanalytic Concepts • More valid tests of Freudian concepts followed the more unconvincing studies of the 1930s and 1940s • Major analysis of 25,00 studies from psychology and other relevant disciplines – Difficult to experimentally test some concepts (Id, ego, superego, libido) – Some support for • • • • Aspects of oral and anal personality Castration anxiety Relationship between dreams and emotional processes Those parts of the Oedipus complex dealing with rivalry with father and sexual fantasies regarding mother Concepts • Importance of unconscious motivation and early experience • Make-up of and dynamics of individual personality • Psychosexual stages in development Criticisms of psychoanalysis • Freud’s methods of data collection – – – – – – – – Conditions were unsystematic and uncontrolled Data consisted of what Freud recollected Freud may have reinterpreted patients’ words Freud may have recalled and recorded primarily the material consistent with his theses Discrepancies exist between Freud’s notes and the published case histories Freud destroyed most of his data (patient files) Only six case histories were published, and none provides compelling support Accuracy of patient’s reports not corroborated Sigmund Freud • After WWI, psychoanalysis was rage (Shell Shock) • Freud influenced literature, art, religion, customs, ethics, education, etc. • Huge influence on field of psychology even with those who disagreed with him Freud’s Legacy