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ECOLOGY •Study of interactions between living organisms (biotic) & their environment (abiotic) p1145 Important terms to know • Biosphere – entire part of the earth where • • • • living things exist. Ecosystem – interaction of living and nonliving in a particular area Community - group fo organism interacting in same area Population – group of individuals within a community of the same species Niche – an individual organism’s “way of life” position or function in a community Biome large regions in biosphere classified on the basis of plant life (Flora) & climates (latitude & rain ppt) Figure 52.9 The distribution of major terrestrial biomes p1151 Figure 52.12 Tropical forests Figure 52.12 Deserts Figure 52.12 Savanna Figure 52.12 Savanna Figure 52.12 Chaparral Figure 52.12 Chaparral Figure 52.12 Temperate grassland Figure 52.12 Coniferous forests (Northern) Figure 25.12 Temperate Broadleaf forest (deciduous) Figure 52.12 Tundra Figure 52.15 The distribution of major aquatic biomes p1158 Figure 52.16 Freshwater biomes: Oligotrophic lake (left), eutrophic lake (top right), stream flowing into a river (bottom right) p1159 Wetland 52.16 Figure 52.16 Streams and rivers Damming the Columbia River Basin Estuary 52.16 p 1160 Figure 52.16 Examples of marine biomes Intertidal Zones Oceanic Pelagic Zone Coral Reef Marine Benthic Zone Black smoker Ecosystem Interaction of Abiotic & Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors • Temperature • Water and Oxygen • Salinity • Sunlight • Altitude • Sunlight • Rocks and soil • Carbon Dioxide Biotic Factors Living species, as Predator / Prey Parasite / Host Competition • Interspecific competition (–/– interaction) occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply – Examples: Weeds growing in garden; Lynx & foxes compete for same prey (hares) • The competitive exclusion principle states that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place – Examples: ??? Ecological Niche • • An organism’s address ; profession ; job in a community Example p 1196 (2 barnacle species) 1. Fundamental Niche • 2. Area used under ideal circumstances Realized Niche • Area an organism actually lives within Keystone species • Examples: – Seastar – Sea otter (p1204-1205) Keystone Predator = Species that makes a large impact on a community Other examples: elephant, beavers, and the seastar as below… Sea otters as keystone predators in the North Pacific What happened? What is the cause? Figure 54.21 (a) Soon after fire (b) One year after fire Large-scale disturbance: Mount St. Helens • Primary Productivity = Amt. of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs of an ecosystem during a given period of time period. P1220 fig55.4 Decomposers Fungi decomposing a log --- Decomposers essential for cycling of Carbon,etc Primary production of different ecosystems Primary Productivity = Amt. of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs of an ecosystem during a given period of time period. Regional annual net primary production for Earth Biotic Factors (Food Chain) • Autotrophs (producers) • Heterotrophs (consumers) – Herbivores – Carnivores – Omnivores Primary Secondary Tertiary Consumers • Decomposers – Note difference from Scavengers • Food Chain; Food Web; Energy Pyramid 54.13 p1202 --- Food chain and trophic levels P1203 Food WEB (Transfer of energy in a community = many chains) Figure 54.11 An idealized pyramid of net production p1226 Figure 55.10 Less than 17% Of the caterpillar’s food is actually Used for secondary production (growth). Plant material eaten by caterpillar 200 J 67 J Feces 100 J Not assimilated Cellular respiration 33 J Growth (new biomass; secondary production) Assimilated Assimilated Food energy available to the human population at different trophic levels Cycles • Cycling of chemical Elements in an Ecosystem is essential • Remember --- Conservation LAWS – Conservation of Mass – Conservation of Energy • Specific Cycles to know: – Water; Carbon; Nitrogen; Phosphorus The water cycle p1228 The carbon cycle p1228 The nitrogen cycle p1229 We’ve changed our tune Biological magnification of DDT in a food chain Page 1244 --- Changes ion the pH of ppt in New Hampshire Erosion of Earth’s ozone shield: The ozone hole over the Antarctic Following slides are features of species that allow them to survive and reproduce successfully which is the foundation for BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION. Predation • Predation is the eating of live or freshly killed organisms. To do this predators use a number of techniques and foraging strategies. • If an organism can procure prey, it reproduces more. • If prey can avoid predators successfully, then the prey are more likely to have offspring. • Predation & Population Dynamics – Predation may decrease prey number – Lack of prey or prey species can reduce number of predators • Predation and Species Diversity Number & types of species can be affected by predators. Predators can eliminate species in an area, but can also maintain species diversity. Lion with kill in a grassland community Adaptations for Survival • Camouflage • Warning Coloration • Mimicry • Variation within a species due to mutations • Mutations that are selected for survival and increased reproduction – adaptation • Demonstrates the Survival of the Fittest Camouflage: Poor-will (left), lizard (right) Warning coloration in a poisonous blue frog Deceptive coloration: moth with "eyeballs" Mimicry Mimicry: Cuckoo bee (left), yellow jacket (right) Parasitic behavior: A female Nasonia vitripennis laying a clutch of eggs into the pupa of a blowfly (Phormia regina) Mutualism between acacia trees and ants Commensalism between a bird and mammal Figure 52.12 How well do these populations fit the logistic population growth model? Figure 52.14 Decreased fecundity at high population densities Figure 52.15 Decreased survivorship at high population densities Figure 52.16 Decline in the breeding population of the northern pintail (Anas actua) from 1955 to 1998 Figure 52.17 Long-term study of the moose (Alces alces) population of Isle Royale, Michigan Figure 52.18 Extreme population fluctuations Figure 52.19 Population cycles in the snowshoe hare and lynx Figure 52.20 Human population growth Figure 52.21 Demographic transition in Sweden and Mexico, 1750-1997