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World History 8 Quarterly Exam 4 Study Guide The period of European history known as the Renaissance roughly covers the time from 1300 to 1600. The best synonym for secular is worldly. To become known as an important patron, one most needed to be wealthy. The technique known as perspective is most useful in the creation of two-dimensional art. A person who produces work in the vernacular is one who writes in a local, rather than a classical, language. The intellectual and cultural movement known as humanism arose from the study of classical Greek and Roman culture. The Renaissance was a rebirth of art and learning. The kind of person who represented the ideal of the Renaissance man is someone who excelled in many areas of study. One important effect of the invention of the printing press was that it increased literacy and the use of the vernacular. The birthplace of the Italian Renaissance was the city of Florence Italy’s location helped make it the starting point of the Renaissance because Mediterranean trade brought wealth there. Humanism is characterized by a focus on worldly rather than religious issues How was Renaissance art different from the art of the Middle Ages? It was more realistic and portrayed some non-religious subjects. Michelangelo sculpted David and painted the Sistine Chapel Shakespeare was an English renaissance writer who wrote 37 plays that are still produced today. A government run by a religious leader is a theocracy Indulgences were a way to buy entry into heaven by paying the Church for forgiveness of sins. Martin Luther’s arguments against indulgences are contained in the 95 Theses The Anger at the worldliness of the church was a factor leading to the Reformation. John Calvin believed that God long ago decided who will be saved. This is called Predestination The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper were painted by Leonardo da Vinci Portugal was the European country that was the leader in developing and applying 15th century sailing innovations. Bartolomeu Dias captained the first European ship to sail around the tip of Africa, now known as the Cape of Good Hope Prince Henry founded a navigational school on the coast of Portugal. Vasco da Gama succeed in gaining a sea route between Portugal and India The Line of Demarcation established a boundary between new lands Portugal could claim and those Spain could claim As part of the Columbian Exchange, livestock was carried west across the Atlantic? Hernando Cortés conquered the Aztec empire Why did Europeans see Africans as a better a source of labor than Native Americans? Africans were strangers in the Americas, so they wouldn’t have allies or places to hide. Christopher Columbus first landed by an island in the Caribbean Sea Short Answer Section Short Answer: Select 2 out of 5 1. What are the Three G’s that lead to the Age of Exploration? Explain each one. 2. Name two explorers, identify the country they sailed for and explain the impact of their exploration. 3. Describe two differences between Renaissance thought and Middle Ages thought. 4. Explain the main cause that lead to the Protestant Reformation and describe the impact the Reformation had on society. 5. Explain three reasons why Italy was the perfect location for the rise of the Renaissance. , What are the Three G’s that lead to the Age of Exploration? Explain each one. The three G’s are God, Glory and Gold God was the spreading of the Christian faith as they felt it was their responsibility to make everyone in the world Christian Glory is both individual fame and fame for the country. The person who claims the land will always be remembered for it ex: Christopher Columbus. The country will expand their country with the new land and more land means more power. Gold is wealth in actual gold and finding new resources or products to sell which will bring money or wealth to the people which leads to more power Name two explorers, identify the country they sailed for and explain the impact of their exploration. Explorer Christopher Columbus Amerigo Vespucci Ferdinand Magellan Country Spain Accomplishments Never reached Asia. He reached the Americas, landing on an island in the Bahamas in the Caribbean Sea Portugal Claimed that the West Indies were not Asia but were in fact new land Spain First person to circumnavigate or sail around the world Hernando Cortes Spain Colonized the Caribbean Islands and conquered the Aztecs Francisco Pizarro Spain Marched a small force into South America and conquered the Incan empire Juan Ponce de Leon Spain Landed on the coast of modern-day Florida and claimed the land for Spain. He was looking for the “fountain of youth” Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Spain Led an expedition throughout much of the South-West. He went through present day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma Giovanni da Verrazzano France He explored the Eastern Coast of the U.S. and discovered what is today New York harbor Jacques Cartier France Claimed the St. Lawrence and Montreal in Canada Samuel de Champlain France They founded modern day Quebec which they called New France Jacques Marquette & Louis Joliet France Explored the Great Lakes and the Northern Mississippi River King James England Gave money to colonize or build the 1st permanent English settlement, Jamestown, in North America Pilgrims England Founded Plymouth in Massachusetts, this was the 2nd English colony in the North America They came to the new land because they were being persecuted for their religious beliefs in England and they wanted religious freedom Netherlands or the Dutch Sailed west searching for a northwest sea route or passage to Asia. Henry Hudson He explored three waterways – the Hudson River, the Hudson Bay and the Hudson Strait Describe two differences between Renaissance thought and Middle Ages thought. Middle Age Thought: Lots of religion Focus was on the Church Education was discouraged Only the wealthy and upper class could be successful Ideas isolated Renaissance Thought: Life became more worldly less of a focus on the Church Humanistic idea that everyone had potential regardless of your wealth Rebirth of the classics which showed an increase in education The printing press and writing in the vernacular enabled ideas to spread Explain the main cause that lead to the Protestant Reformation and describe the impact the Reformation had on society. The main cause was that the people were angry at the worldliness of the Church. Martin Luther complained about this in his 95 Thesis. Some of the things that made them angry were: the selling of indulgences, priests were now marrying rather than just being married to God, priests were now drinking, simony (the buying and selling of positions within the Christian church), conflict between church and government Explain three reasons why Italy was the perfect location for the rise of the Renaissance. - Surrounded by water- Trade Trade- great wealth- patrons Home of the classics