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Chapter 12
Renaissance and
Reformation
12-1 The Renaissance
 Renaissance
means rebirth
 Characteristics of the renaissance
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1. Italy was an urban society with a secular
(worldly/nonreligious) view
2. Age of recovery from the plague,
political instability and decline in Church
power
3. View of the individuality of human beings
emerged
Italian City States
 Milan
– one of the richest city-states in
Italy
 Venice – Major trading port in the
Mediterranean
 Florence – controlled by the Medici
Family, owned the largest bank in Europe
 Rome – Spanish king told soldiers who had
not been paid in months to sack the city
and take their pay.
Machiavelli & Castiglone
 Niccolo
Machiavelli – The Prince – one of
the most influential writings about political
power in the world
 Baldassare Castiglione – The Book of the
Courtier – described characteristics of
nobility
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1. They are born not made
2. educated warrior
3. follow a certain standard of conduct
Family and Marriage
 Dowry

The wife’s family had to pay a sum of
money to the husband upon marriage.
12-2 Ideas and Art of the
Renaissance
 Humanism
– The study of why people do
the things they do
 grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral
philosophy and history.
Vernacular Literature
 Humanists
used Classical Latin
 Others began using Vernacular (local
language)
 Dante – Divine Comedy – story of the
soul’s journey to salvation
 Chaucer – wrote the Canterbury Tales in
Old English the precursor to our language.
Education
 Students
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should study
History, moral philosophy, eloquence
(rhetoric), letters (grammar), poetry,
mathematics, astronomy, music, and
physical education
Women should study religion and morals so
they can become good wives and mothers
Renaissance Art
 New
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Techniques
Fresco – painting on wet plaster then it
becomes part of the wall when dry
Perspective giving the illusion of 3D space
Sculptures – marble, free standing structures
Studying anatomy to make paintings more
accurate.
Renaissance Masters
 Leonardo
da Vinci – Scientist (drawings of
dissected bodies) inventor (crossbow,
flying machine, steam engine) painter
(last supper, Mona Lisa)
 Raphael – painter (school of Athens,
various paintings of Mary)
 Michelangelo – Painter (Sistine Chapel)
sculptor (David) “I chipped away
everything that was not David”
12-3 The Protestant
Reformation
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Christian Humanism – believed that humans
have the ability to reason and improve
themselves
Desiderius Erasmus – Christianity should show
people how to live good lives on a daily basis.
Salvation – acceptance to Heaven
Indulgence – release from all or part of the
punishment for sin. (Church was selling them)
Martin Luther
 Monk
in Germany
 Justification by faith alone – the idea that
belief and following Christ is more
important than doing good works
 Ninety-five Theses – attack on the selling
of indulgences and other Church
practices
 He was sent into hiding with the Edict of
Worms
Politics in German Reformation
 Charles
V – Holy roman emperor also
known as Charles I king of Spain
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Ruled Spain, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, the
Low Countries, Milan and Naples.
Fought with France over territory
Peace of Augsburg ended the religious war
in Germany.
12-4 The Spread of
Protestantism
 Divisions
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in Protestantism
People realized that since Luther could split
from Catholic then maybe they could split
from Lutheranism
Led to many other denominations
John Calvin
 Believed
in the all powerful nature of God
 Predestination- God knows who is saved
and who is not
 A great deal of missionary work.
 Consistory – special court enforcing moral
discipline, oversaw moral life, and could
punish people who did not follow church
rules.
Reformation in England

King Henry VIII
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Wanted annulment (marriage declared void)
Declared himself head of the Church in England
Thomas More spoke out and was beheaded
Married 6 times only one son
Son became king at 9 then died at 15
Bloody Mary took over and tried to take
England back to Catholicism
Anabaptists
 Believed
in adult baptism
 Total separation of church and state
 Do not believe in war
 Any and all Christians are priests
 Ancestors of Amish
Catholic Reformation
 Jesuits
– missionaries and completely
obedient to the pope
 Council of Trent – reaffirmed traditional
Catholic teachings in opposition to
protestant beliefs.