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BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM OVERVIEW College Prep NAME: _______________________________________________________ DATE OF FINAL: ROOM #: ____________ ____________ WHAT TO BRING: All handouts and review packets Pencils and erasers TEXTBOOK / CD: FORMAT: If you have one, turn it in on the day of the final or before OR bring a check for $67.50 payable to HHHS. 200 multiple choice questions SUGGESTED STUDY METHOD: 1. Collect all your review sheets/outlines. Staple this sheet to the front - this is everything that will be on the final exam. 2. Review ALL papers in your binder one unit at a time - look through to refresh your memory. 3. Complete the study guide activities and practice multiple choice questions. These are NOT the questions on the final - those are more complex. 4. Anything you are unsure about… go back and study more. 5. Study! The final is worth 20% of your final grade! UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY Review IV, DV, control and controlled variables with your partner. Describe each in your own words. IV = ________________________________________________________________ DV = ________________________________________________________________ control = ________________________________________________________________ controlled variables = ______________________________________________________ Apply it: How does the amount of light influence the rate of photosynthesis? IV = ________________________________________________________________ DV = ________________________________________________________________ HYPOTHESIS: ___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ control = ________________________________________________________________ controlled variables = ______________________________________________________ SCIENCE VS. SUPERSTITION 1. ____ Which word(s) is related to science? a) belief b) coincidence c) cause and effect THEMES OF LIFE / HOMEOSTASIS 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ____ An organism that lives in a host and hurts the host is a(n) a) heterotroph b) autotroph c) consumer d) parasite ____ An organism that performs photosynthesis is a(n) a) heterotroph b) autotroph c) consumer d) parasite ____ An organism that eats food to obtain energy is a(n) a) heterotroph b) autotroph c) consumer d) parasite ____ Maintaining balance within the body is called a) response b) homeostasis ____ What organ controls glucose balance? a) kidney b) liver c) reproduction d) development c) PTH and calcitonin d) ADH c) brain ____ What hormone(s) control glucose homeostasis? a) aldosterone b) insulin and glucagon ____ What is one characteristic of life that not all organisms in a species need to perform? a) response b) homeostasis c) reproduction d) development SCIENTIFIC METHOD 9. ____ A hypothesis uses the words if and then. a) true b) false 10. ____ A hypothesis is the same thing as a fact. a) true b) false 11. ____ A hypothesis should try to predict the answer to the lab question. a) true b) false 12. ____ In science, a theory is a guess or prediction. a) true b) false 13. ____ In an experiment, the part that is being tested is called the a) independent variable b) dependent variable c) control 14. ____ In an experiment, the results that you are recording are called the a) independent variable b) dependent variable c) control 15. ____ In an experiment, the part of the experiment used to compare your data with is called the a) independent variable b) dependent variable c) control MICROSCOPE 16. ____ When you switch to high power on a microscope, LESS of the specimen can be seen because the AREA decreases. a) true b) false 17. ____ Which type of microscope do we use in class? a) compound light b) scanning electron c) transmission electron 18. ____ Which type of microscope produces a 3-D picture in great detail? a) compound light b) scanning electron c) transmission electron 19. ____ As magnification INCREASES, so does the resolution. a) true b) false 20. ____ The specimen looks the same on the slide as it does through the eyepiece of a microscope. a) true b) false 21. ____ The total area of magnification when you are looking through the 40x lens is a) 40 b) 400 c) 50 d) 4000 22. ____ The PROPER name for the dial used to adjust the light is the light adjustment dial. a) true b) false UNIT 2: BIOCHEMISTRY With your partner, review the following topics. Write down things you need to remember. EQUATION for cellular respiration: Cellular Respiration (ATP / ADP cycle) - explain how it works How an enzyme works ___________________________________________ 23. ____ The four major elements in the human body are nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and a) calcium b) sodium c) carbon d) boron 24. ____ Water is a) polar b) nonpolar c) unevenly charged d) a and b e) a and c 25. ____ Water sticks to itself using _______ bonds in a process called _______. a) covalent, adhesion b) hydrogen, cohesion c) hydrogen, adhesion 26. ____ When water sticks together on the surface of a body of water, it is called a) surface tension b) capillary action 27. ____ Acids on the pH scale register from 7-14. a) true b) false 28. ____ Bases contain many ________ ions. a) hydrogen (H+) b) hydroxide (OH-) 29. ____ What is the name of a chemical that changes colors in the presence of acids or bases? a) buffer b) indicator c) enzyme 30. ____ pH in the stomach is a) between 1-3 b) between 4-5 c) around 7 31. ____ Which of the following substances is most basic? a) ammonia b) vinegar c) water d) above seven d) milk 32. ____ Which of the following provides living things with energy? a) water b) soil c) sugar d) oxygen e) electrolytes 33. ____ Proteins are made of a) glucose d) amino acids b) fatty acids and glycerol c) nucleotides 34. ____ Carbohydrates include fats, oils and waxes. a) true b) false 35. ____ Molecules that speed up chemical reactions in the body by lowering the activation energy are called a) buffers b) substrates c) enzymes d) catalysts e) c and d 36. ____ If an enzyme’s shape changes (it is denatured), it cannot cause a chemical reaction anymore. a) true b) false 37. ____ The lock and key characteristic of enzymes is called a) catalytic fit b) speciality c) specificity 38. ____ Most times, you can tell if a substance is an enzyme because its name ends in a) –ose b) –ase c) –in d) –exo 39. ____ What is the name of the enzyme in liver that breaks down hydrogen peroxide? a) maltase b) lactase c) peroxidase d) amylase 40. ____ The conversion of the energy in sugar into ATP molecules is MOST SPECIFICALLY called a) breathing b) respiration c) metabolism d) anabolism 41. ____ Adding a phosphate, some energy to make a bond, and ADP creates ATP. a) true b) false 42. ____ The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body is called a) anabolism b) catabolism c) metabolism 43. ____ The molecule that reacts with an enzyme is called a a) superstrate b) substrate c) product d) catalyst UNIT 3: THE CELL With your partner, review the following topics. Write down things you need to remember. The theme Correlation of Structure and Function means: __________ ______________________________________________________________________ Give a few examples of this theme. Find the picture of the cell you drew and labeled. Quiz each other on the functions of the parts. List the two types of transport (include the processes that fall under each). BASICS OF CELLS 44. ____ Unicellular organisms have to perform all of life’s functions by themselves. Therefore, they LACK a) homeostasis b) specialization c) reproduction 45. ____ As cell size increases, its surface area doesn’t increase proportionately to its volume. This causes a problem because ____________ of needed materials into and out of the cell cannot occur quick enough. a) diffusion b) active transport 46. ____ A cell that has a cell wall, a large vacuole and chloroplasts might be a) an animal cell b) a plant cell 47. ____ Which type of cell doesn’t have a true nucleus? a) prokaryotic b) eukaryotic 48. ____ What is the only kingdom that is prokaryotic? a) animal b) plant c) moneran d) protist e) fungi ORGANELLES 49. ____ The jelly-like fluid that fills the cell is called chromoplasm. a) true b) false 50. ____ Which organelle transports proteins and lipids? a) ribosomes b) ER c) Golgi bodies 51. ____ Which organelle performs cellular respiration? a) lysosome b) mitochondria c) chloroplast 52. ____ Which organelle produces proteins? a) chloroplast b) ribosome c) lysosome 53. ____ Chloroplasts are plastids that make carbohydrates.(Photosynthesis makes sugars=carbs) a) true b) false 54. ____ Leucoplasts store a) starch b) chlorophyll CELL MEMBRANE c) carotenoids 55. ____ The main molecule of the cell membrane is a) protein b) lipid c) carbohydrate 56. ____ The membrane is fluid, which means it is flexible and can move. a) true b) false 57. ____ The cell membrane is most flexible if it contains lots of a) unsaturated fatty acids b) saturated fatty acids 58. ____ Since a cell membrane is selectively permeable, it can maintain a) respiration b) metabolism c) homeostasis 59. ____ The cell membrane is a) polar b) nonpolar 60. ____ The spreading out of material from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration is called. a) active transport b) diffusion c) endocytosis 61. ____ After diffusion, a concentration gradient no longer exists. The material is now in a state of dynamic motion. a) true b) false 62. ____ The random motion of molecules is called a) erratic motion b) Brownian motion c) Whitian motion 63. ____ The diffusion of water is specifically called a) diffusion b) osmosis c) facilitated diffusion d) chemical motion d) active transport 64. ____ Oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the lungs and the body cells by facilitated diffusion. a) true b) false 65. ____ Putting salt on a cell will cause it to a) expand b) shrink c) stay the same (have no effect) 66. ____ In which type of solution does water move INTO the cell? a) hypotonic b) hypertonic c) isotonic 67. ____ Water pressure in plants is scientifically called a) water pressure b) osmotic pressure c) turgor pressure 68. ____ Which type of transport requires energy to move molecules across the cell membrane? a) passive transport b) active transport 69. ____ Facilitated diffusion is a type of active transport. a) true b) false 70. ____ The active movement of huge molecules into the cell is called a) facilitated diffusion b) endocytosis c) exocytosis 71. ____ The two characteristics that will determine where/how a molecule will get into or out of a cell are size and charge. a) true b) false 72. ____ When a molecule enters a cell through a protein channel without using energy, it is moving by a) active transport b) endocytosis c) facilitated diffusion d) diffusion 73. ____ Where do oxygen, carbon dioxide and water cross the membrane? a) bilayer b) protein channels c) endocytosis 74. ____ Where do ions and amino acids cross the membrane? a) bilayer b) protein channels c) endocytosis UNIT 4: THE NUCLEUS With your partner, review the following topics. Write down things you need to remember. What is gene expression? State the two general steps and then explain exactly what happens during each. Review the meaning of benign, malignant, cancer, metastasis, contact inhibition, hyperplasia as they relate to having cancer (or not). STRUCTURE OF DNA 75. ____ DNA is made of a) nucleic acids b) nucleotides c) amino acids d) fatty acids and glycerol 76. ____ The backbone of DNA is made of a) sugars and bases b) sugars and phosphates c) bases and phosphates 77. ____ Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a base and a phosphate molecule. a) true b) false 78. ____ In DNA, adenine matches with a) guanine b) cytosine c) uracil d) thymine 79. ____ Every organism has DNA. a) true b) false 80. ____ In a person, the DNA of each cell is approximately identical (except for where there is a mutation). a) true b) false 81. ____ Every organism has the same structure of DNA, it is the sequence of the _______ that make organisms different. a) phosphates b) bases c) sugars 82. ____ RNA is different from DNA because a) it is single stranded b) it contains a different sugar c) it has U instead of T 83. ____ A gene is a segment of DNA that controls the production of ____ in a cell. a) lipids b) sugars c) proteins d) chromosomes 84. ____ Genes are located (Both) a) in DNA b) in the cytoplasm of the cell TRANSCRIPTION / TRANSLATION & REPLICATION c) on chromosomes 85. ____ What is the process called that duplicates the DNA before cell division? a) transcription b) translation c) replication d) a, b, & c 86. ____ When mRNA is copying the code in DNA, wherever there is an A in DNA, a ____ is added to mRNA. a) T b) A c) U d) G 87. ____ Which process makes an mRNA copy of a gene? a) transcription b) translation c) replication 88. ____ Which process builds a protein based on the mRNA code? a) transcription b) translation c) replication 89. ____ Which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome to build a protein? a) mRNA b) tRNA c) rRNA d) DNA 90. ____ What enzyme makes mRNA based on the DNA code? a) peroxidase b) RNA polymerase c) DNA polymerase 91. ____ Where in the cell does translation occur? a) Golgi bodies b) ribosome c) mitochondria d) amylase d) nucleus 92. ____ A series of three bases (either in DNA or in mRNA) is called a a) codon b) triplet c) tricodon CELL CYCLE / MITOSIS 93. ____ What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? a) interphase b) prophase c) metaphase d) anaphase e) telophase d) anaphase e) telophase 96. ____ The chromosomes line up on the middle of the cell during a) interphase b) prophase c) metaphase d) anaphase e) telophase 97. ____ Sister chromatids separate during a) interphase b) prophase c) metaphase d) anaphase e) telophase 98. ____ The cell membrane pinches in during a) interphase b) prophase c) metaphase d) anaphase e) telophase 94. ____ Transcription and translation occur during prophase a) true b) false 95. ____ The chromosomes coil during a) interphase b) prophase c) metaphase 99. ____ The same number of chromosomes are present after mitosis as there were before mitosis. a) true b) false 100. ____ A cell containing a full set of chromosomes is called a ___ cell. a) diploid c) haploid d) gamete 101. ____ Unwound DNA is called a) chromosomes b) chromatids c) chromatin MEIOSIS 102. ____ Egg and sperm a) have half the number of chromosomes b) are diploid c) are haploid 103. ____ During mitosis or meiosis, the chromosomes are separated by the a) centromeres b) centrioles and spindle fibers c) pulling rods d) a & c d) cell wall 104. ____ How many cells form as a result of meiosis? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 105. ____ Meiosis makes a) diploid cells b) haploid cells c) somatic cells d) gametes e) b & d 106. ____ When chromosomes exchange pieces it is called crossing over. a) true b) false 107. ____ When the homologous chromosomes pair up in prophase I of meiosis they are called a a) codon b) tetrad c) synapsis 108. ____ A chart showing the homologous pairs of chromosomes is called a pedigree. (Karyotype) a) true b) false MUTATIONS 109. ____ A mutation that involves a change in a chromosome is a ____ mutation. a) gene b) chromosomal c) point 110. ____ The absence of contact inhibition could lead to cancer. a) true b) false f) a & c UNIT 5: GENETICS With your partner, review the following topics. Write down things you need to remember. Review the following: law of segregation, law of independent assortment, rule of dominance, rule of unit factors Review how to do the following: monohybrid cross, testcross, codominance, incomplete dominance, sexlinked heredity, multiple allelic (blood types). Review your Genetic Engineering Journals for each process, benefits and disadvantages. BASIC GENETICS CONCEPTS 111. ____ The appearance of an organism is its a) genotype b) phenotype 112. ____ The different versions of genes are called a) centromeres b) centrioles c) tetrads d) alleles 113. ____ A homozygous dominant genotypes is shown by a) AA b) Aa c) aa 114. ____ In a pedigree, the recessive trait is shaded. a) true b) false 115. ____ If HH is crossed with hh, all the offspring will be a) HH b) hh c) Hh 116. ____ Crossing two heterozygous organisms (Hh x Hh) will give you a GENOTYPIC ratio of a) 2:2 b) 3:1 c) 4:0 d) 1:2:1 117. ____ In a testcross, the unknown dominant organism is crossed with a a) homozygous dominant organism b) heterozygous organism c) homozygous recessive organism 118. ____ Cystic fibrosis is a _____________ disorder. a) dominant b) recessive 119. ____ Down syndrome results from a) a missing X chromosome b) an extra 21st chromosome c) a point mutation 120. ____ In a dihybrid cross, if both parents are heterozygous for both traits, the phenotypic ratio will be a) 4:4:4:4 b) 16:0 c) 9:3:3:1 d) 3:1 e) 4:0 PATTERNS OF HEREDITY 121. ____ If two traits BLEND, then the alleles controlling these traits are a) codominant b) incompletely dominant c) completely dominant 122. ____ If two traits show together, then the alleles controlling these traits are a) codominant b) incompletely dominant c) completely dominant 123. ____ Which trait is controlled by multiple alleles? a) cystic fibrosis b) malaria c) sickle-cell anemia 124. ____ More ____ get a sex-linked trait. a) males b) females 125. ____ If a trait is X-linked, fathers can pass the X-linked allele to their a) daughters b) sons c) sons and daughters d) human blood type UNIT 6: EVOLUTION & CLASSIFICATION With your partner, review the following topics. Write down things you need to remember. Difference between microevolution and macroevolution 4 steps of natural selection What qualifies organisms as part of TWO DIFFERENT species? How does one species turn into two or more? DARWIN AND THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION 126. ____ Creationism is a scientific explanation for the origin of life on Earth. a) true b) false 127. ____ Which of the following is believed to have been the earliest to evolve? a) land plants b) bacteria c) aquatic dinosaurs d) mammals 128. ____ The founder of modern evolution theory is considered to be a) Darwin b) Hooke c) Boveri d) Mendel 129. ____ The process of evolution is called natural speciation. a) true b) false 130. ____ Evolution is based on mutation. a) true b) false 131. ____ Any structure or behavior that allows an organism to survive in its environment is called a(n) a) mutation b) adaptation c) homology 132. ____ The ability of an organism to blend in with its surroundings is called a) camouflage b) mimicry MICROEVOLUTION 133. ____ A change WITHIN the allele frequencies of one species is called a) microevolution b) macroevolution 134. ____ When natural selection selects for the heterozygote, it is a) directional selection b) balancing selection 135. ____ A chance event effects the genetic diversity of a population a) genetic drift b) non-random mating c) gene flow EVIDENCE FOR MACROEVOLUTION 136. ____ “Left-over” organs resulting from evolution are called ____ structures a) homologous b) analogous c) vestigial 137. ____ Evolutionists use which of the following pieces of evidence as support? a) fossils b) DNA comparisons c) embryo similarities d) all of these 138. ____ Structures that have a similar embryological origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes, such as a bat wing and a human arm, are called a) homologous structures b) analogous structures 139. ____ The slow change of organisms over time in the fossil record is called a) punctuated equilibrium b) gradualism 140. ____ Which of the following is NOT a form of reproductive isolation? a) Timing b) Behavior c) Geographical separation d) Different niche (habitat) e) Incompatibility CLASSIFICATION 141. ____ In the name Homo sapien, Homo is the ____ name. a) genus b) species c) kingdom 142. ____ A system for naming species in which two words are used to name an organism is a) binomial nomenclature b) dichotomous nomenclature c) cladistics 143. ____ Which of the following sciences studies classification? a) anatomy b) physiology c) physics scientist section List the contributions of each of the following scientists 1. Hooke 2. Schleiden 3. Schwann 4. Leeuwenhoek 5. Hershey and Chase 6. Mendel 7. Watson and Crick 8. Darwin d) taxonomy