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Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology 2014-2015 Ms. Susan Chabot HAP •Anatomy: structure of body parts; also called morphology. •Physiology: function of body parts; what they do and how they do it. •Can we study anatomy without studying physiology? •Can we study physiology without studying anatomy? Characteristics of Life •Movement •Responsiveness •Growth •Reproduction •Respiration •Digestion •Absorption •Circulation •Assimilation •Excretion •Metabolism •Homeostasis Levels of Organization Organization of the Human Body Organ Systems: A set of interrelated organs that work together to provide a specialized function. Organization of the Human Body Body Cavities allow for separation of organs and organ systems Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity = Brain. Vertebral cavity = encases the spinal cord • • Ventral body cavity • Thoracic cavity = Heart and Lungs • Abdominopelvic cavity = Organs of digestion and reproduction Other Body Cavities Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Organization of the Human Body Membranes line the internal body cavities to reduce friction and provide protection. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction Anatomical position – a common visual reference point Person stands erect Feet together Eyes forward Palms face anteriorly Thumbs pointed away from the body Figure 1.3 Gross Anatomy – An Introduction Regional terms – names of specific body areas Axial region – the main axis of the body Appendicular region – the limbs Directional terminology Refers to the body in anatomical position Standardized terms of direction are paired terms Regional Terms Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (2 of 3) Body Planes and Sections Coronal (frontal) plane Divides body into anterior and posterior parts. Sagittal plane – Divides body into unequal left and right sides. Median (midsagittal) plane Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically at the midline; divides body into lateral and medial parts. Transverse plane - Divides body into superior and inferior parts. Abdominal Regions Divide the abdomen into nine regions to reference abdominopelvic organs. Abdominal Quadrants Maintenance of Life NEEDS Water Foods Oxygen Heat Pressure HOMEOSTASIS Keeping a constant internal environment. 1. Receptors gather info. 2. Control Center decides what to do. 3. Effectors create a response. Example of a Feedback Mechanism Body Temperature control is an example of a Homeostatic Mechanism. •A normal body temperature is 98.6* F or 37* C. •When your temperature is too hot or too cold, your body responds to bring it within a normal range. Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback •Reverses the original stimuli •MOST normal body processes •If its HIGH, it becomes LOW •If its LOW, it becomes HIGH Positive Feedback •Enhances the original stimuli •USUALLY associated with disease or pain If its HIGH, it goes HIGHER. If its LOW, it goes LOWER • •