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Bellwork • Write down anything you know about the Middle Ages of Europe. World History Middles Ages, pt. 1 Germanic Kingdoms and the Church Objectives • Identify the consequences of the fall of Rome on Europe • Describe the role and power of the Catholic Church in post-Rome Europe • Describe the rise of Charlemagne and Germanic rule • Describe what caused a breakdown of the Carolingian Empire • Identify the connection between the Catholic Church and early Germanic kingdoms. Middle Ages • The gradual decline of the Roman Empire ushered in an era of European history called the Middle Ages– or medieval period. • This period spanned from 500 to 1500 and, during this time, new institutions slowly emerged to replace those of the fallen Roman Empire. • Unlike previous empires, however, medieval Europe was highly fragmented. Effect of Invasions • By the end of the fifth century, invaders from many different Germanic groups overran half of the Roman Empire. • Repeated invasions and constant warfare sparked new trends. Effect of Invasions • A series of changes altered the way of life of these people: 1. Disruption of trade– merchants faced invasions and their businesses collapsed. Economic centers fell and money became scarce 2. Downfall of cities– cities were abandoned as Rome fell. 3. Population shifts– as centers of trade collapse, cities were left without leaders. Dwellers fled into the countryside and the population of Rome became mostly rural. Effect of Invasions • The Germanic invaders who stormed Rome could not read or write . • Among Roman subjects themselves, the level of learning sank sharply as more and more families left for rural areas. • Few people, including priests and church officials, were literate. Effect of Invasions • Knowledge of Greek and Roman culture was almost lost. Question: What groups saved Greek and Roman culture? – It would be because of Byzantine and Arabic scholars that Greek and Roman scholarship would be saved. • Few people could still read Greek works and the Germanic tribes, while having a rich oral tradition of songs and stories, couldn’t share their culture without a written language. Effect of Invasions • As German-speaking peoples mixed with the Roman population, Latin changed. • It was no longer understood from region to region. • Different dialects developed– by the 800’s, new languages– French and Spanish, for example– developed from Latin. – These new languages mirrored the breakup of a once unified empire. Germanic Kingdoms • In the years between 400 and 600, small Germanic Kingdoms began to replace the large empire. • The borders continued to change with every new war. • The Church was the only institution to survive the fall of Rome. • During this time of chaos, most groups turned to the Church for order and security. Germanic Kingdoms • The entire concept of government changed during this time period. • Loyalty to public government and written law had unified Roman society. However, family ties and personal loyalty is what bound German society together. • As well, unlike the Romans, Germans lived in small communities which were governed by unwritten rules and traditions. Germanic Kingdoms • Every Germanic chief led a band of warriors who had pledged their loyalty to him. • In peacetime, these warriors would be fed and protected by their chief. In battle, they would fight to the death for him. To many, it was a disgrace to outlive one’s chief. – Because of these personal ties, Germanic peoples felt no loyalty towards a king or impersonal government. In this, settling large territories with a orderly government became practically impossible. Franks • In the Roman province of Gaul, a Germanic people known as the Franks held power. • Their leader, Clovis, would bring Christianity into the region. Franks • Prior to Clovis, many Germanic tribes– even those who attacked Rome– adopted Christianity in a different form. This meant that the Church was able to survive. • However, Clovis was the first to accept Catholicism. Franks • In 496, Clovis led his army into battle against another army. Fearing defeat, Clovis is said to have prayed to a Christian God– a god he was introduced to by his wife. • After this, the tide of battle shifted and the Franks won. • Afterward, Clovis and 3,000 of his warriors asked a bishop to baptize them. Franks • The Church in Rome welcomed Clovis’ conversion and supported his campaigns against other Germanic tribes. • By 511, Clovis had united the Franks into one kingdom. • The strategic alliance between Clovis’ Frankish kingdom and the Church marked a beginning of a union between two powerful forces. Spread of Christianity • Politics played a key role in spreading Christianity. • By 600, the Church converted many Germanic peoples and new converts had settled in Rome’s former lands. • Missionaries succeeded in spreading Christianity. Spread of Christianity • Missionaries, who risked their lives spreading their faith, worked among the Germanic and Celtic groups that bordered the Roman Empire. • In Southern Europe, missionaries were successful in converting people who feared coastal attacks by Muslim groups. Spread of Christianity • To adapt to rural conditions, the Church built religious communities known as monasteries. • There, Christian men called monks gave up their possessions and became servants to God. • Nuns, women who followed this lifestyle, lived in convents. Spread of Christianity • In 520, Benedict– an Italian monk- began writing a book which set strict but practical rules for monks and nuns. • These guidelines became the model for many other religious communities. • The guidelines described that monks and nuns must emphasize a life of work and study and must devote themselves to prayer and good works. Spread of Christianity • Monasteries also became Europe's besteducated communities. • Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books. • Many of the books and manuscripts produced became the best preserved pieces of Rome’s intellectual heritage. Spread of Christianity • In 590, Gregory I became Pope. • As head of the Church in Rome, Gregory broadened the authority of the papacy– pope’s office. • Under Gregory, the papacy became a secular– or worldly– power involved in politics. Spread of Christianity • Gregory made the Pope’s palace the center of Roman government. He used Church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor. • He also negotiated a peace treaty with invaders. • Gregory had practically become the mayor of Rome--- and his power had begun to extend beyond the city’s boundaries. Spread of Christianity • According to Gregory, the entire region from Italy to England, and from Spain to western Germany or Western Europe fell under his responsibility. • He wanted to strengthen the vision of Christendom. For him, it was a spiritual kingdom that fanned out from Rome to the most distant Churches. Spread of Christianity • The idea of a churchly kingdom, ruled by a pope, was a central theme of the Middle Ages. • Meanwhile, more secular rulers set their sights on expanding their own political kingdoms. Kingdoms • After the Roman Empire dissolved, small kingdoms sprang up throughout Europe. • The Franks controlled the largest and strongest of them all– the Roman province Gaul. – The Franks first Christian king, Clovis, established foundations for this kingdom. Kingdoms • By the time Clovis died in 511, he had extended his rule over most of what is now France. • Clovis greatly strengthened the Merovingian Dynasty, which he named after his ancestor. The Merovingian Kingdoms– making up much of present day France and Germany- were all part of the larger Dynasty and each was ruled by a member of the family. Kingdoms • By 700, an official who was known as the mayor of the palace became the most powerful official in the kingdom. – Officially, the mayor could control royal households and estates. – Unofficially, he could command the army and make policy. – In this, the mayor ruled the kingdom. Kingdoms • In 719, a mayor of the palace known as Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) held more power than the king. He extended the Franks reign to the north, south, and east. He also defeated a Muslim raiding party in Spain. • The battle was significant, as it halted Muslim invasion into Europe. Kingdoms • At his death, Charles Martel passed his power to his son, Pepin the Short. • Pepin wanted to be king and shrewdly cooperated with the pope. On behalf of the Church, Pepin agreed to fight the Lombards, a Germanic group threatening central Italy and Rome. Kingdoms • In exchange, the pope anointed Pepin “king by the grace of God.” • This appointment began the reign of Frankish rulers known as the Carolingian Dynasty, which ruled from 751 to 987. – Since the Carolingians (Pepin) had the support of the pope, the last king of the Merovingian Dynasty was essentially pushed out of his role and replaced. Kingdoms • Pepin the Short died in 768. • He left a strong Frankish kingdom to his two sons, Carloman and Charles. • After Carloman’s death in 771, Charles– known as Charlemagne (Shar-lah-mayn), seized control of the entire kingdom. Kingdoms • Charlemagne was an imposing figure and built an empire greater than any known since Rome. • Each summer, Charlemagne led his armies against the enemies around his kingdom. – He fought Muslims and tribes throughout the lands. Kingdoms • Through these conquests, he spread Christianity. • He reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire. By 800, his empire exceeded the size of the Byzantine Empire. – It included France, parts of Spain, most of Italy, and most of Germany. Kingdoms • Charlemagne had become the most powerful king in western Europe. • In 800, he went to Rome to crush an unruly mob that had attacked the pope. • In gratitude, Pope Leo III crowned him emperor. • The coronation was historic. Charlemagne being crowned Emperor Government • The pope, in giving title of “Roman Emperor” to Charlemagne, unintentionally gave himself the power to declare who the Emperor of Rome was. • In this event, it signaled the joining of Germanic power, the church, and the heritage of Rome. Government • Charlemagne strengthened his royal power by limiting the power of nobles. • To govern his empire, he sent out royal agents who ensured that landholders– “counts”– governed their counties justly. • He also regularly visited every part of his kingdom. Government • Charlemagne also judged cases, settled disputes, and rewarded faithful followers. • He also kept a close watch on the management of his huge estates, for they were the source of Carolingian wealth and power. Cultural Revival • One of Charlemagne’s greatest achievements was the encouragement of learning. • He surrounded himself with English, German, Italian, and Spanish scholars. • For his many sons and daughters– and other children of the court– he opened a palace school. He also ordered monasteries to open schools that trained future monks and priests. Cultural Revival • Under Charlemagne, monasteries expanded their libraries. Monks labored to make handwritten copies of Latin books in various languages. • However, this rise of power and glory under Charlemagne would not last. Death • A year before Charlemagne’s death in 814, he crowned his only surviving son, Louis the Pious, as emperor. • Louis was devoutly religious. – In this, he might have been a good monk, but was a poor ruler. Louis the Pious • Louis left his empire to three sons– Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German. • Louis’ sons fought one another for the empire. The civil war ended in 843 when the brothers signed the Treaty of Verdun. Question: What do you think will happen to the unity of the empire? • The Treaty of Verdun broke the empire into three kingdoms. • After this treaty, the Carolingian kings lost power as central authority broke down. • Without a central authority and a lack of strong rulers, Europe would have to come to form a new system of governing and landholding. Treaty of Verdun Closure • With this lesson in mind, how would you say Europe changed following the fall of Rome? Review Objectives • Identify the consequences of the fall of Rome on Europe • Describe the role and power of the Catholic Church in post-Rome Europe • Describe the rise of Charlemagne and Germanic rule • Describe what caused a breakdown of the Carolingian Empire • Identify the connection between the Catholic Church and early Germanic kingdoms. Question • If you have any questions, please ask now Next Lesson • In the next lesson, we will be getting into the Rise of Feudalism and Chivalry Reading Review Please read the following article,” How Charlemagne Changed the World” and answer the questions on the paper.