Download Chapter 15 – Darwin`s Theory of Evolution 15

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Chapter 15 – Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
15-1 The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity
Brain Warm Up:
What different ways do these animals use to move about?
What traits does each animal have that help it move about as it does?
Humans share the earth with _____________________ of other kinds of organisms of every imaginable
___________________________________________________________.
This variety of living things is called _______________________________________________.
The _________________________________________________ accounts for the diversity of life.
_____________________________________________________, is the process by which modern organisms have
descended from ancient organisms.
A __________________________________________ is a well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have
occurred in the natural world.
Charles Darwin was born on ____________________________________________ – the same day as Abraham Lincoln
In 1831, he set sail on the __________________________________________.
On a ___________________________________________, Darwin visited several continents and many remote islands.
During his travels, Darwin made numerous observations and collected evidence that led him to propose a revolutionary
hypothesis ________________________________________________________________________________________.
This hypothesis, now supported by a huge body of evidence, has become the __________________________________.
Darwin was the ______________________________ on the ship, and he went ashore to collect plant and animal
______________________________ that he added to his collection.
Darwin proposed a __________________________________________________ for the diversity of life on this planet.
During a single day in the Brazilian forest, he collected _______________________________________ – he wasn’t even
searching for beetles.
He began to realize that an ____________________________________________________________ inhabit the Earth.
Darwin was intrigued by the fact that so many ______________________________________ seemed remarkably well
suited to whatever __________________________________________________________________________.
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He was also puzzled by where ________________________________________________________________________.
Why were there no __________________ in Australia? Why no ___________________________________ in England?
Living organisms represented just _______________________________________________ posed by the natural world.
Darwin collected fossils which are the __________________________________________________________________.
Some fossils looked like organisms that were __________________________ and others looked completely unlike any
other _____________________________________________________________.
He found that each island was a source of great diversity of ________________________________________________.
When he returned, Darwin began to wonder if animals living on different islands had once been
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
According to this hypothesis, these separate species would have evolved from an original South American ancestor
species after _____________________________________________________________________________________.
15-1 Section Assessment
Answer questions 1 – 5 from page 372 on your own paper and in complete sentences. This will be taken up for a grade.
15-2 Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
Brain Warm Up
Read page 373
What was the way of thinking in Europe in Darwin’s day?
What do you think people thought about what Darwin had to say?
During the ___________________________ centuries, scientists examined the ____________________ in great detail.
James Hutton and Charles Lyell helped scientists recognize that Earth is many ___________________________ of years
old, and the processes that changed Earth in the __________ are the same processes that operate in the ____________.
Hutton proposed the variety of natural forces, _________________________________________________________,
that shape the earth operate extremely ___________________, often over ____________________________________.
Hutton proposed the Earth had to be much more than a ___________________________________________________.
Lyell’s work explained how awesome geological features could be _____________________ or
_______________________ over long periods of time.
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This helped Darwin, he thought if the Earth could change over time, ________________________________________?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck recognized that living things change _____________________________ and that all species were
_______________________________________________________.
In 1809, Lamarck proposed that by ____________________________________________, organisms acquired or lost
certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed on to their offspring. Over time, this process led to
__________________________ in a species.
Lamarck proposed that all organisms have an innate tendency toward
_________________________________________.
As a result, they are constantly ____________________________________________________ that help them live more
successfully in their environment.
Because of an organism’s tendency toward perfection, Lamarck proposed that organisms could alter the
___________________________________ of particular organs by using their ________________________ in new ways.
Lamarck thought that _______________________________________________________________________________.
Lamarck and Darwin did not know how __________________________________ and that an organism’s
_________________________________________________________________________ on its heritable characteristics.
He was right in realizing that organisms are ______________________________________________________________.
In 1798, Thomas Malthus published a book in which he noted that babies were _________________________________
than ____________________________________________.
Malthus reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be
________________________________________________________________ for everyone.
_________________________________________________________________________ worked against growth
15-2 Section Assessment
As a table, write a 2 – 3 sentence summary of each of the men we discussed today.
Individually - Complete the vocabulary on page 378. 10 total words. Due tomorrow.
15-3 Darwin Presents His Case
Brain Warm Up - You must answer in complete sentences.
Why do you think organisms change and do not stay the same?
Why do you think the topic of evolution is so controversial?
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Darwin delayed publishing his work because of _____________________________________________________.
What current areas of scientific research are controversial, much as evolution was controversial in Darwin’s time?
Darwin filled notebooks with his ideas about ________________________ and the ___________________________.
He shelved his manuscript for years and told his wife to publish ___________________________________________.
In 1858, Darwin received a short essay from _____________________________________________________.
In 1859, Darwin published his book, _____________________________________________________________.
In his book, Darwin: proposed a mechanism for evolution called ___________________________________________
and presented evidence that evolution ___________________________ taking place for millions of years—and
continues ________________________________________.
Members of each species ___________________________________________________________ in important ways.
In Darwin’s day, variations were thought to be __________________________________________________________.
Darwin noted that __________________________________________________ would breed only the largest hogs, the
fastest horses, or the cows that produced the most milk.
Darwin termed this process ___________________________________________________.
Artificial selection is the selection by humans for ____________________________________________ from the natural
variation among different _______________________________________.
Darwin compared processes ________________________________ to artificial selection.
By doing so, he developed a ________________________________________________ to explain how evolution occurs.
Darwin realized that ______________________________ and a _______________________ of life's basic needs would
force organisms to ______________________________________________.
The struggle for existence means that members of each species compete regularly to
__________________________________________________________________________________________________.
The struggle for ________________________________ was central to Darwin's theory of evolution.
The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is _______________________________.
Darwin proposed that fitness is the _______________________________________________________________.
An ________________________________ is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival.
Successful adaptations enable organisms to become _________________________________ to their environment and
better able to _____________________________________________.
Individuals with characteristics that are not well suited to their environment either
___________________________________________________________.
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Individuals that are _________________ suited to their environment survive and reproduce ____________ successfully.
Darwin called this process _____________________________________________________________.
Because of its similarities to artificial selection, Darwin referred to the survival of the fittest as _____________________.
In natural selection, the traits being selected ___________________ to an organism's ________________ in its
environment.
Over time, natural selection results in changes in the ______________________________________________ of a
population. These changes _______________________ a species' fitness in its _________________________________.
Natural selection produces organisms that have different _________________________, establish different
_______________, or occupy different _________________________.
Each living species has ____________________________, with changes, from other _____________________ over time.
Darwin referred to this principle as _______________________________________________________________.
Descent with modification implies that all __________________ organisms are ____________________ to one another.
This is the principle known as _____________________________________________________.
Darwin argued that living things have been _____________________________ on Earth for millions of years. Evidence
for this process could be found in the ______________________, the geographical _________________________ of
living species, ______________________ structures of living organisms, and similarities in early development, or
_______________________________.
Darwin saw fossils as a ____________________________________________________________ of life on Earth.
By comparing fossils from older rock layers with fossils from younger layers, scientists could document that life on Earth
has _____________________________________________________.
Darwin decided that all Galápagos finches could have _____________________________________________________
from a common mainland ancestor.
Darwin’s theory was that species now living on _______________________________ continents had each descended
from different ___________________________________.
However, because some animals on each continent were living under ____________________ ecological conditions,
they were _________________________ to similar pressures of natural selection and ended up evolving
_________________________________________________________.
Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called
_________________________________.
Similarities and differences in homologous structures help biologists group animals according to how recently they last
shared a ______________________________________________.
Not all homologous structures serve ___________________________________________________.
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The organs of many animals are so ____________________________________ that they are just vestiges, or traces, of
homologous organs in other species.
These organs are called _____________________________________.
Examples: include the _______________________ of some cave dwelling fish and mole rats, the __________________
bones found in whales, the __________________________ that quickly disappear in duck billed platypuses,
______________________ in dandelions, and the ____________________________________ and wisdom teeth.
The early stages, or ____________________________, of many animals with backbones are very similar.
The ______________________________________________________________ develop in the same order and in
similar patterns to produce the tissues and organs of all vertebrates.
Summary of Darwin’s Theory
1. Individual organisms ________________________, and some of this variation is
______________________________.
2. Organisms produce ______________________ than can survive, and many that do survive do not
__________________.
3. Because more organisms are produced than can survive, they compete for
____________________________________.
4. Individuals best suited to their environment _______________________________________________ most
successfully.
5. These organisms pass their heritable traits to their __________________________. Other individuals die or
leave fewer offspring.
6. This process of natural selection causes species to
_____________________________________________________.
7. Species alive today are descended with modification from ancestral species that lived in the distant
_______________.
Scientific advances in many fields of biology, geology, and physics have _____________________________________
most of Darwin’s hypotheses.
____________________________________________________ continues to change as new data are gathered and new
ways of thinking arise.
15-3 Section Assessment
On your own paper, please answer questions 1 – 4 on page 386. This will be for a grade.