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Evidence of Change pages 292-301 Types of Fossils Mineralized Imprint Amber Frozen FOSSILS • Found in the layers of sedimentary rock. • Example: limestone • Those found in the bottom layer are the oldest. • Paleontology: The study of fossils or extinct organisms. – Although incomplete, no fossil evidence has been found that contradicts evolution. – Transitional forms are fossils which “link” the gaps in the fossil record. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY • Homologous Structures: Share a common origin but may not be adapted for similar functions. • Analogous Structures: Adapted for similar functions but do not have a common origin. • Vestigial Structures: Remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor. Homologous Structures Anatomical similarities between the forearms of different mammals Analogous Structures Vestigial Structures the "spurs" show evidence of the snake's distant pass EMBRYOLOGY • The study of embryos and their development. • Similarities suggest evolutionary relationships and common ancestry. Molecular and Genetic Evidence • DNA sequence analysis • Pseudogenes • Homeobox genes • Protein comparison Modern Synthesis of Evolutionary Theory: The theory of natural selection combined with modern genetics. Protein Comparison Based on the number of differences, humans share a more recent common ancestor to the gorilla than the other organisms. DNA Sequence Analysis