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Molecules of Life • Carbohydrates •Lipids •Proteins •Nucleic Acids Molecules of Life • All living things are composed of the following basic elements: – Carbon – Hydrogen – Nitrogen – Oxygen – Phosphorous – Sulfur Remember “CHNOPS” Inorganic vs. Organic • Inorganic molecules do not contain the element carbon – Water • Organic molecules contain the element carbon – Example: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid – Exception: carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) Molecules of Life • Living things have four basic carbon compounds: – Carbohydrates • Sugar, starch, cellulose – Lipids • Fats, waxes, steroids, chlorophyll – Proteins • Meat, fish, nuts – Nucleic Acid • DNA or RNA Monomer vs. Polymer • Monomer- Monomer – Mono = one, mero = part – A molecule that can bind to other molecules to form a polymer – Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6), Amino Acids • Polymer – Poly = many, meros = parts – A large molecule that contains many molecules – A large molecule made of smaller, molecules of the same type (monomers) linked together. • A protein (the polymer) is made of many amino acids (monomers) Polymer Carbohydrates • Composed of CHO (Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen) • Examples: Sugar and Starch – Most end in “-ose”, fructose, glucose, sucrose, cellulose – Glucose- C6H1206 is the basic “fuel” in all living things, produced during photosynthesis • Carbohydrates provide energy • Carbohydrates may be converted to lipids (fats) for long term energy storage Carbohydrates Carbohydrates can be either: 1. monosaccharide- a simple, single carbohydrate (monomer) examples: glucose or fructose 2. disaccharide- 2 monosaccharides put together (polymer) example: • Sucrose (table sugar) = 1 glucose + 1 fructose • Maltose (malt sugar) = 1 glucose + 1 glucose • Lactose (milk sugar) = 1 glucose + 1 galactose 3. polysaccharide - numerous monosaccharides (polymer) examples: starch, glycogen and cellulose • More on polysaccharides: – Starches • Many glucose molecules linked together (polymer) • Plants store energy in the form of starch • Found in many staple foods: rice, wheat, and potatoes – Glycogen • Many glucose molecules linked together but differently than starch (polymer) • Animals store glycogen in muscles/liver • Secondary long term storage for animals – Cellulose • Structure component of the cell wall in plants that provides support (polymer) • Humans cannot digest cellulose… the shell of corn is made of cellulose… Lipids • • • • Composed of CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids (think “Fat E”) Do not dissolve in water (“oil and water”) Examples of lipids – Fats: acts as an insulator – Oils: some birds secrete oil to help them “waterproof” themselves – Waxes: helps plants conserve water – Steroids Lipids • Two types of lipids: – Saturated fats • The carbon bonds (where the carbon molecules meet) are single, no double bonds • C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C • animal fats like butter, cream, cheese – Unsaturated: • Some of the carbon bonds are double bonded (where two bonds hold the carbons together) • C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C • Plant fats like canola oil, olive oil Proteins • Composed of CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) • Some types of proteins can contain other elements like S, P, Fe, and Cu (Sulfur, Phosphorous, Iron, Copper) • Made of small units (monomers) called amino acids. • Examples: – Proteins make up muscle, skin and hair – Hemoglobin (blood) is a protein that carries oxygenated blood – Enzymes are proteins that speed of reactions in the body Nucleic Acid • Nucleic Acids are large complex molecules containing genetic material • Made of nucleotides – sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base Two types: 1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid- DNA 2. Ribonucleic - RNA • DNA carries instructions that regulate cells activities • RNA–uses information from DNA to make proteins Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides: – Phosphate – 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA) – Nitrogen Base (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine) Nucleic Acids • Contain genetic information • More details about DNA and RNA later!