Download Molecules of Life

Molecules of Life
Notes- do not throw away
All living things are composed of the following basic elements:
– Carbon
– Hydrogen
– Nitrogen
– Oxygen
– Phosphorous
– Sulfur
Remember “CHNOPS”
Inorganic vs. Organic
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Inorganic molecules do not contain the element carbon
– ___________________
Organic molecules contain the element ______________
– Example: Carbohydrates, Lipids, ______________, Nucleic Acid
– Exception: carbon dioxide (CO ) and carbon monoxide (CO)
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Living things have four basic carbon compounds:
– Carbohydrates
• ____________, starch, cellulose
– Lipids
• Fats, _______________, steroids, chlorophyll
– Proteins
• Meat, fish, _________________
– Nucleic Acid
• ___________ or RNA
Monomer vs. Polymer
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Monomer– Mono = ___________, mero = part
– A molecule that can bind to other molecules to form a polymer
– Examples: Glucose (C H O ), Amino Acids
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Polymer
– Poly = ___________, meros = __________
– A large molecule that contains many molecules
– A large molecule made of smaller, molecules of the same type
(monomers) linked together.
• A protein (the polymer) is made of many amino acids (monomers)
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Carbohydrates
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Composed of CHO (Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen)
Examples: _____________ and ________________
– Most end in “-ose”, fructose, glucose, sucrose, cellulose
– Glucose- C H 0 is the basic “___________” in all living things, produced during
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photosynthesis
Carbohydrates provide ____________
Carbohydrates may be converted to lipids (____________) for long term energy storage
Carbohydrates can be either:
1. monosaccharide- a simple, ________________ carbohydrate (monomer)
examples: glucose or fructose
2. disaccharide- 2 monosaccharides put together (polymer)
example:
• Sucrose (table sugar) = 1 glucose + 1 fructose
• Maltose (malt sugar) = 1 glucose + 1 glucose
• Lactose (milk sugar) = 1 glucose + 1 galactose
3. polysaccharide - numerous monosaccharides (polymer)
examples: ____________, glycogen and cellulose
More on polysaccharides:
– Starches
• Many glucose molecules ____________ together (polymer)
• _______________ store energy in the form of starch
• Found in many staple foods: rice, wheat, and potatoes
– Glycogen
• Many glucose molecules linked together but differently than starch (polymer)
• _______________________store glycogen in muscles/liver
• Secondary long term storage for animals
– Cellulose
• Structure component of the cell wall in _____________ that provides
support (polymer)
• Humans cannot digest cellulose… the shell of _________ is made of
cellulose…
Lipids
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Composed of CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids (think “Fat E”)
Do ___________ dissolve in water (“oil and water”)
Examples of lipids
– Fats: acts as an insulator
– _______________: some birds secrete oil to help them “waterproof” themselves
– Waxes: helps plants conserve water
– Steroids
Two types of lipids:
– Saturated fats
• The carbon bonds (where the carbon molecules meet) are single, _______
double ______________
• C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
• ______________ fats like butter, cream, cheese
– Unsaturated:
• Some of the carbon bonds are ________________ bonded (where two bonds
hold the carbons together)
• C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C
• _____________ fats like canola oil, olive oil
Proteins
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Composed of CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
Some types of proteins can contain other elements like S, P, Fe, and Cu
(Sulfur, Phosphorous, Iron, Copper)
Made of small units (monomers) called ____________ __________.
Examples:
– Proteins make up muscle, __________ and hair
– Hemoglobin (______________) is a protein that carries oxygenated blood
– Enzymes are proteins that _______________ of reactions in the body
Nucleic Acid
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Nucleic Acids are large complex molecules containing ________________ material
Made of nucleotides
– _______________, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
Two types:
1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid- ____________
2. Ribonucleic - ___________
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DNA carries instructions that regulate cells activities
RNA–uses information from DNA to make ________________
Nucleotides:
– ___________________
– 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA,
ribose in RNA)
– Nitrogen Base (Adenine, Thymine,
Guanine, Cytosine)
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Contain _______________ information
More details about DNA and RNA later!
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