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Biology ECO
I need to remember…….
I need to remember….
 Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane organelles or a
true nucleus.
 Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus where
the DNA is located and membrane bound organelles.
 Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually by fission or
budding
 Eukaryotic cells reproduce can reproduce sexually or
asexually
 Both have ribosomes
 Both types of cells have some that have cell walls
Examples
I need to remember….
 Products of cellular respiration are the reactants of
photosynthesis. The products of photosynthesis are
the reactants of cellular respiration.
 Cellular respiration occurs in both plants and
animals.
 Plants use sunlight to convert energy to make sugar
and ATP and release oxygen. Without sunlight
photosynthesis stops but plants continue cellular
respiration.
 ATP is used by both plant and animal cells.
Chemical Equations
I need to remember….
 Osmosis is the movement of water across a
semipermeable membrane.
 Sometimes the movement requires energy.
 When the number of molecules inside and outside
of the cell are equal the cell has reached equilibrium
and the solution is isotonic.
Examples
I need to remember…
 Viruses cannot reproduce without a host cell
 Viruses do not metabolize
 Viruses are non-living
 Viruses have nucleic acid
 HIV is a virus that attacks and destroys the immune
system.
 Lysogenic infections occur when the nucleic acid of a
virus combines with the DNA of a cell then replication of
the virus begins.
Virus and Viral Replication
I need to remember…
 The cell cycle is a continuous process of cell growth and
reproduction
 The cell cycle goes through interphase, the longest phase
before under going mitosis and cytokinesis.
 Cancer can develop during any part of interphase. A
cancer cell is a cell that goes through the cell cycle
continuously, never stopping in G0. Consuming the
body’s resources.
 Mitosis results in growth and repair
 Checkpoints during the cell cycle make sure a cell is
dividing correctly.
Cell Cycle
I need to remember….
 Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates serve as fuel.
 Lipids store large amounts of energy.(form membranes,
provide protection, waterproof and insulation)
 Proteins have different functions depending on their
structure. ( reaction rates enzymes , regulate cell
processes , form bone and muscle , and transport
materials in and out of the cell)
 Nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)store and transmit
hereditary information.
 Organic molecules contain carbon-hydrogen bonds and
are produced by organisms.
Biomolecules
I need to remember….

DNA contains 4 nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

Adenine and guanine are purines -double rings.

Thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines-single rings.

Genes are pieces of DNA that pass traits to offspring.

Nucleotides are made up of a sugar(deoxyribose), a phosphate group, a
nitrogen base and a hydrogen bond.

The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine found in DNA.

DNA is a double helix.

Hydrogen bonds are weak so the are easily broken making it easy to
copy.

DNA is all living organisms

DNA is the blueprint of life.
DNA
I need to remember….
 Mutations are changes in DNA that can be
inherited.
 There are stop and start codons.
 Mutations occur when a base is added, deleted or
changed.
 Not all mutations are harmful some are beneficial.(
if it helps with fitness)
Mutations
I need to be able to….
 Analyze and make inferences about dominant and
recessive traits.
 Interpret and make predictions about genotypes
and phenotypes.
 Use a Punnett square involving sex-linked traits.
 Predict the out come of monohybrid crosses and
dihybrid crosses.
I need to remember….
 DNA evidence is used to determine how closely
organisms are related.
 Observing fossils allows scientists to understand
how organisms develop (evolved) over time.
I need to remember….
 No organism or population of organisms is perfectly adapted to its
ecosystem.
 Natural selection does not produce perfection in the organisms that
are adapted to an ecosystem.
 Adaptations are due to genes that are inherited.
 Natural selection occurs as the result of three conditions:
 Variations in a population
 Heritable traits
 Different levels of fitness within a population
 Survival of the fittest refers to an organisms ability to survive,
reproduce, and pass on traits to their offspring.
 An organism cannot adapt a population adapts and evolves.
 Three types of evolution as a result of natural selection- convergent
evolution, divergent evolution, and coevolution.

I need to remember….
 Scientist use internal and external characteristics to
classify organisms into similar groups.
 Within the hierarchial classification system, the domain
is the group that includes the greatest number of
organisms and exhibits the greatest diversity of
organisms.
 The species is the group that includes the fewest number
of organisms and exhibits the least diversity of
organisms.
 Taxonomy is a branching classification system that
provides a standardized method for grouping
organisms.
I need to remember….
 Systems do not stand alone; they must work with
systems to enable the organism to function
properly.
 Each system has specific functions that it must
perform, but each system is closely connected to
other systems in the body and works with them to
perform its functions.
I need to remember….
 Plants like animals are composed of different systems that
interact to benefit the plant and maintain homeostasis.
 Some systems, enable the plant to respond to stimuli it
receives from its environment, such as touch , light, and
gravity.
 One system cannot survive without interacting and depending
on other systems in the plant.
 Each system is composed of smaller systems; for example, the
transport system is composed of xylem and phloem found in
the leaves, stems and roots of plants.
 The reproductive system reproduces either by sexual or
asexual means, depending on the plant.
Plant Tissue
Plant Tropisms
Thigmotropism
I need to remember….
 Species living in an ecosystem gradually change over time, as do the
physical and chemical environments within that ecosystem.
 Succession takes place because organisms interact with one another
in an ecosystem.
 Left undisturbed, succession follows predictable stages: primary,
secondary and climax communities.
 Autotrophs (plants) are the first pioneer species to inhabit an
ecosystem in the primary stage; they create conditions that may be
favorable to other autotrophs.
 Heterotrophs follow autotrophs in the stages of succession-first
herbivore heterotrophs and then carnivores and omnivores.
 An ecosystems reaches stability when it becomes a climax
community. In this stage it is stable, mature, self-sustaining, and has
reached an ecological equilibrium.
Succession
Relationships Among Organisms
 Organisms in an ecosystem exhibit different types
of relationships as they interact.
 Some ways organisms interact is by competing for
food and other resources.
 Relationships that may be found in an ecosystem
include parasitism, commensalism, mutualisms,
and predator prey.
Symbiosis
I need to remember….
 Organisms in an ecosystem interact in ways that can be shown
in food chains and food webs.
 Ecological pyramids are used to illustrate how organisms in an
ecosystem transfer matter and energy from one trophic level to
another.
 Approximately 10%of the available energy in a trophic level is
passed on to the next trophic level. The remaining energy,
approximately 90%, is used for metabolic functions or
dissipated as heat.
 Sunlight- radiant energy- is transferred to plants through
photosynthesis. Organisms that feed on plants are able to use
about 10% of the energy that was available to the plants. The
transfer and dissipation of energy continue from one trophic
level to the next.
Trophic Levels
Energy Pyramids
I need to remember….
 Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and
predator/prey relationships are all types of interactions
that occur among organisms in an ecosystems.
 The stability of an ecosystem can be affected by a natural
disaster.
 Natural disasters such as hurricanes, drought, floods and
so on can alter the stability of an ecosystem. These
disasters can cause some organisms to diminish in
number or become extinct so that their niche in an
ecosystem is altered. It can take years for an ecosystem to
recover from a natural disaster and regain stability
Consider what would happen to this food web if a
natural disaster occurred.
Think about what would be lost and interrupted.
GOOD LUCK!!!!!!
Everyone of you are capable
of passing the BIOLOGY EOC
1.Take your time.
2. Read carefully.
3.Use context clues.
4. Do the easy ones first.
5. Skip the ones you don’t know
then go back and answer them to
the best of your ability.
6. If you don’t know an answer
use the process of elimination.
7. Check your answers.
8.Check your Scantron.
THINK POSITIVELY.