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A.P. Biology Solomon Chapter 19 study guide 1. Population genetics is the study of ________________________ within the population and the evolutionary forces that act on it. 2. All of the alleles for all of the genes in a population are referred to as the _________ _______________ for that population. 3. _______________________ is the proportion of a particular genotype in a population 4. When the distribution of genotypes in a population conforms to the binomial equation (a) ____________________________ , the population is in a genetic equilibrium and is not evolving. This equation is called the (b) _______________________________ 5. The proportion of alleles in successive generations does not change in a population when certain conditions are met. Among them, briefly stated, are the following five: a. b. c. d. e. 6. The MN blood group is of interest to population geneticists because the alleles for the MN blood groups are ____________________ 7. Mating among genetically similar individuals within a population is called _________ 8. The average number of survivors among offspring from a given genetic type compared to other genetic types is a measure of __________________________________ 9. Selection of mates based on a phenotype is known as _________________________ 10. A _________________________ is an unpredictable change in DNA 11. Production of random evolutionary changes in small breeding populations is known as _________________________________ 12. Genetic drift may occur when the size of a population is suddenly reduced as as function of such temporary causes as a depleted food supply or disease. Such an event is called a _____________________________________ 13. The migration of breeding individuals between populations causes a corresponding movement of alleles, or __________________________ , that has significant evolutionary consequences. 14. Selection against phenotypic extremes, thereby favoring intermediate phenoyptes, is called __________________________________ 15. Selection that favors one particular phenotype over another is known as ___________________________________ 16. Selection that favors phenotypic extremes is called _________________________ 17. Much of genetic polymorphism is not evident because it doesn’t produce distinct ____________________________________ 18. ______________________________________________ occurs when a genotype such as Aa has higher degree of fitness than either AA or aa. 19. Selection that acts to decrease the frequency of the more common phenotypes and increase the frequency of the less common types is called ____________________ 20. Variation that does not alter the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce, and is therefore not adaptive, is called ___________________________________ 21. Along with population variation, genetic differences often exist among different populations within the same species, a phenomenon known as __________________ Prefixes MicroPheno- The Meaning small visible Suffixes -typ(e) The Meaning form Prefix Suffix __________ -evolution Definition 1. Changes in allele frequencies over successive generations; involves small changes within a population __________ ___________ 2. An organism’s visible form of characteristics Matching a. balanced polymorphism b. directional selection c. disruptive selection d. Founder effect e. gene flow f. gene pool k. population g. genetic drift l. stabilizing selection h. Hardy-Weinberg principle i. Heterozygote advantage k. natural selection ___ 1. Natural selection that acts against extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants ___ 2. A phenomenon in which the heterozygote confers some special advantage on an individual that either homozygous condition does not. ___ 3. A random change in gene frequency in a small, isolated population. ___ 4. The movement of alleles between local populations, or demes, due to migration and subsequent interbreeding. ___ 5. The gradual replacement of one phenotype with another due to environmental change. ___ 6. The presence in a population of two or more genetic variants that are maintained in a stable frequency over several generations. ___ 7. Genetic drift that results from a small number of individuals colonizing a new area ___ 8. All the alleles for all genes present in a population. ___9. The principle that in a randomly-mating large population, regardless of dominance or recessiveness, the relative frequencies of allelic genes do not change from generation to generation. ___10.A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same geographical area at the same time. Making Comparisons Category Natural selection Gene flow Random mating Genetic drift Mutation Small population size Geographic stability Genetic polymorphism Neutral varation Contributes to Evolutionary Change (yes or no) #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 ___ 1. The proportion of alleles in a population does not change if there is/are a. only 10% of the alleles mutating in each generation b. random mating c. a large number of individuals in the population d. mating with individuals in a similar population e. natural selection of advantageous alleles ___ 2. When gradual environmental changes favor phenotypes at the extreme of the normal distribution curve, the result in time is likely to be a. stabilizing selection b. no selection c. a shift in allele frequencies d. disruptive selection e. directional selection ___ 3. Changes in allele frequencies within a population are referred to as a. evolution b. macroevolution c. microevolution d. p2 shift e. q2 shift ___ 4. A relatively quick, extreme environmental change that favors several phenotypes at the expense of the mean phenotype will likely result in a. stabilizing selection b. no selection c. a shift in allele frequencies d. disruptive selection e. directional selection ___ 5. Random evolutionary changes in a small breeding population resulting from random changes in gene frequencies are referred to as a. gene flow b. natural selection c. mutations d. genetic drift a. the heterozygote advantage ___ 6. The ultimate source of all new alleles is a. gene flow b. natural selection c. mutations a. the heterozygote advantage d. genetic drift ___ 7. If undisturbed by other forces, random sexual reproduction among numbers of a large population in nature leads to a. new species b. changes in gene frequencies c. generations of unchanged allele frequencies d. new traits e. a change in the frequency of 2 pq but not p2 or q2 Use the following information, the Hardy-Weinberg equation, and the list below to answer questions 8-13. The phenotype coded for by the genotype “tt” is found among 400 individuals in a population of 10,000 randomly mating individuals. a. 0.01 f. 0.16 k. 0.80 p. 4.00 u. 20.0 b. 0.02 g. 0.20 l. 1.00 q. 6.40 v. 32.0 c. 0.04 h. 0.32 m. 1.60 r. 9.60 w. 40.0 d. 0.08 i. 0.40 n. 2.00 s. 10.0 x. 64.0 e. 0.10 j. 0.64 o. 3.20 t. 16.0 y. 96.0 ___ 8. Frequency of homozygously recessive individuals ___ 9. Frequency of homozygously dominant individuals ___10. Frequency of q ___11. Percent of individuals containing one or more of the dominant alleles ___12. Frequency of p ___13. Frequency of heterozygous individuals