Download File

Chap1. Cosmology & Birth of Earth
-heliocentric model: Earth orbits Sun
-Big Bang Theory: Universe is considerably
older than Earth
-Universe age: 14 billion year old.
-Strong evidence that Universe is expanding:
red shifted
- most common elements in Universe & solar
system: hydrogen & helium
-Eratosthenes estimated size of Earth:
compared length of Earth day with distance
between Earth & Sun
-In addition to Earth, other terrestrial
planets:Mars, Mercury, & Venus
- Gas giant (Jovian) planets:Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, & Neptune
-circumference of Earth: 40,000 km
-A light year:measures distance
- Sun belongs to a galaxy called:Milky Way
-contribution by Copernicus is:Earth is center
of Universe
-Chemically, the Moon is quite similar to:
Earth’s mantle
- Johannes Kepler’s contribution:planets orbit
Sun in an elliptical path
-Humans 1st realized that Earth is spherical:
time of Aristotle in ancient Greece
-Differentiation of core from mantle early in
Earth’s history: planet was very hot
-In 2006, International Astronomical:Pluto
demoted from former status as one of nine
major planets in our solar system.
Chapter 2. Journey to the Center of the
Earth
-Earth’s surface protected from solar wind &
cosmic radiation by: Earth’s magnetic field
-shape of Earth’s magnetic field: dipole
- Heat transfer occurs through the movement
of a fluid, driven by temperature differences
among various points within the fluid, is
termed: convection.
-Presently, Earth’s atmosphere is dominated
by which two gases: nitrogen and oxygen
-In the whole Earth,4 most common
elements:oxygen, silicon, magnesium, & iron
- Earth’s hydrosphere:surficial freshwater, the
oceans, groundwater, & atmospheric water
-most common minerals within Earth: silicates
-As compared to rocks that make up crust,
Earth as a whole is: considerably more dense
-Hot, liquid rock beneath the surface of the
Earth is termed magma
-Earth’s geothermal gradient is rate of temp
change incurred by: traversing down within
Earth’s interior
- Earth’s magnetic field is generated by:the
flow of the liquid outer core
- densest layer of Earth is the:inner core
-The distinction between the crust and mantle
is primarily on the basis of a difference in
chemistry/ composition (mineral content);the
distinction between the lithosphere and
asthenosphere is primarily on the basis of a
difference in degree of physical rigidity
-On average, continental crust is
approximately five times as thick as oceanic
crust.
-thickness of Earth’s crust: 7 to 70 km
-With increasing altitude, the concentration of
gases in our atmosphere: less dense
-Substances that can be transformed to a gas
@ relatively low:volatiles
-As compared to continental crust, the rocks
that make up oceanic crust are:denser
-Heat transfer that occurs through movement
of a fluid, driven by large temp differences
among various point within the fluid:
convection
-The Moho is found deeper underneath
continents than under oceans
Chapter 3. Drifting Continents and
Spreading Seas
- sea floor w/ neg magnetic anomalies were
formed when magnetic field:reversed polarity
-Wegener proposed continental drift that
suggested all of the continents were once:
combined to form a supercontinent (he termed
Pangaea) in the late Paleozoic through the
Mesozoic
-The apparent tendency of the north (or south)
magnetic pole to vary in position over time is
termed polar wander
-Sea-floor spreading is driven by volcanic
activity: along mid-ocean ridges
-Marine magnetic anomaly belts run parallel
to: mid-ocean ridges
-age of oceanic crust increases with increasing
distance from a mid-ocean ridge.
-Evidence for Pangaea comes from the fossil
record of which type(s) of organisms?all
-Evidence of Late Paleozoic glacial deposits:
more readily explained than in the modern
continental configuration
-Beneath a blanket of sediments, oceanic crust
is primarily composed of:gabbro & basalt
- Marine magnetic anomalies result from seafloor spreading in conjunction with:magnetic
polarity reversals
- The oldest basalts on the ocean floor are
about 4 billion years old.
-Distincetive South America:Africa
-Sea Floor Rate of Geothermal:Mid-Ocean
Ridges
-Spreading Rate: Vary from 1 to 10 cm
Chapter 4: Plate Tectonics
-Two bodies of continental
lithosphere:Collision
-Pushing force:Mid Ocean
-Slab Pull:Cool More dense
-Rate of Lithosphere:Relative
-Deep Ocean:Convergent
-Iceland:Divergent
- plate tectonics:incorporates sea-floor
spreading & continental drift
-The plates themselves are: discrete pieces of
lithosphere at the surface of the solid Earth
that move with respect to one another
- active margin: anywhere on Earth where
earthquakes are especially frequent
- Continental coastlines that occur in interior
of a plate are:passive margins
- Every plate boundary can be recognized by:
none of the above
-convergent plate boundary, two opposed
plates: move toward one another
-At a transform plate boundary, two opposed
plates: slide past one another
- Mid-ocean ridges are: convergent plate
boundaries
-The youngest sea floor occurs: along midocean ridges
-Oceanic lithosphere thickens away from the
mid-ocean ridge due to:addition of new
lithospheric mantle as a result of cooling
-entire surface Earth:rates of lithospheric
production& consumption are equal
-Earthquakes are most frequent near
coastlines: active margins
- Most of the pulling force driving plate
motion is produced:subduction zones
-subduction zone, overriding plate:oceanic or
continental lithosphere
- subduction zone, downgoing (subducting)
plate:always oceanic lithosphere
-The Wadati-Benioff zone extends down the
mantle to max depth: 670 km
-@transform plate boundaries:earthquakes
common, but volcanoes are absent
-triple junction:boundaries of 3 lithospheric
plates meet @ single point
-mid-ocean ridges elevated above surrounding
seafloor:ridge rocks are hot (low density)
- Hot spots can occur:within either continental
or oceanic plates
- Large,thick,non-volcanic mountain
belts(Himalayas):convergent plate
-San Andreas Fault in SoCal: transform plate
boundary
Chapter 5. Patterns in Nature: Minerals
- The internal ordering of mineral crystals is
detected using: X-ray diffraction
-The color of a mineral in powdered form is
termed: streak
-Cleavage in minerals refers to: a tendency to
break along planes of weakness
- Minerals utilized by humans as a source of
metal are termed: ore minerals
-2 distinct minerals may have the same
chemical formula:true
- single mineral may take on multiple
crystalline lattice structures:false
- silica tetrahedron that forms backbone of
silicate minerals is silicon &:oxygen
-for minerals, hardness refers to:ability to
resist being scratched by other substances
-Gemstones are found in pegmatites, igneous
rocks:exceptionally coarse grained
- Topaz, with Mohs hardness of 8, is twice as
hard as fluorite, Mohs hardness of 4:false
- Referring to mineral hardness talc is softer
than quartz
-The shininess of a mineral is a helpful
diagnostic property termed: luster
Chapter 6: Up from the Inferno: Magma
and Igneous Rocks
-Bombs, ash, and cinders are all examples
of:pyroclastic debris
- diff between lava & magma: magma beneath
Earth’s surface, lava has reached surface
-Igneous rocks: all
-A blob-like igneous rock body that has
cooled beneath the surface of Earth is: pluton
-A dike is: a sheetlike intrusion that cuts
across preexisting layers
-A sill is: a sheetlike intrusion that lies parallel
to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock
-formation of magma in Earth is not caused by
which: loss of volatiles to the atmosphere
-Obsidian: all of the above
-Volcanoes that don’t occur on
present/emergent plate boundaries are:mantle
hot spots
-Coarse-grained granite is most similar in
mineral composition to fine-grained: rhyolite
-Coarse-grained diorite is most similar in
mineral composition to fine-grained:andesite
-Coarse-grained gabbro is most similar in
mineral composition to fine-grained:basalt
-Pillow basalts get blob-like shapes because
their parent lavas do not travel far prior to
solidification.because the parent lavas:erupt
underwater & thus cool very quickly.
- magma with greatest silica content & its
produced at the coolest temps:felsic
- magma has greatest iron & magnesium
content & produced at highest temps:
ultramafic
- volatile content of magma is increased,
viscosity:decrease
-If magma becomes more felsic,
viscosity:increase
Chapter 7: A Surface Veneer: Sediments,
Soils, and Sedimentary Rocks
-breakdown of exposed rock into small
fragments & dissolved ions:weathering
-removal of detritus from weathered rock at
outcrop:erosion
- majority of the rocks that occur at surface of
Earth:sedimentary rocks
-Frost wedging, root wedging, and salt
wedging are all: physical weathering
-Hydrolysis, oxidation, and hydration are all
examples of: chemical weathering
-Grains become rounded primarily during:
weathering at outcrop
-loose sediment covers bedrock, chemically
altered by rainwater & organic matter:soil
- Cemented shells of marine organisms form
sedimentary rock: biochemical
- Clastic sedimentary rocks are primarily
classified on the basis of: grain size
-transport medium carries largest particles:ice
-diff b/w breccia & conglomerate:
conglomerate possesses more rounded grains
-Sedimentary deposition is a continuous
process at a fairly constant rate: False
-fine-grained clastic rock that splits into thin
sheets is: shale
-environment most likely to produce
sedimentary deposits characterized by very
well sorted, very well rounded grains that are
nearly pure quartz: beach
-Most sorting of detrital grains takes place
during: transportation
-Stratification refers to: the development of
layering within sedimentary rocks
-Chemical & biochemical rocks are classified
on basis of:mineral composition
-Diagenesis refers to: physical and chemical
alterations, including compaction and
cementation, that occur as sediment is
transformed into rock
-compared to metamorphism, diagenesis:
takes place at lower temperatures and
pressures
-compared to normal rain: acid rain produces
increased rates of chemical weathering.
Chapter 8: Metamorphism: A Process of
Change
-Metamorphism may be induced by: all of the
above
-Squashing a fly with a fly swatter is an
application of: normal stress
-Spreading peanut butter on bread is an
application of: shear stress
-Slaty cleavage, schistosity, and compositional
banding examples of:foliation
-metamorphic rocks that typically lack
foliation are: quartzite and marble
-Meteorite impacts induce metamorphism of
sediments and rocks: True
-mineral in metamorphic rock that can be used
to provide a narrow constraint on the
temperature and pressure of formation of the
rock: index mineral
-protolith subjected to metamorphism: may
belong to any of the three primary rock types
-in a single mountain range: it is possible to
find a variety of metamorphic rocks produced
in distinct facies, high-, low-, and
intermediate-grade rocks
-Precambrian metamorphic rocks are exposed
at surface:places in continental interiors
termed shields
-Thermal(contact)metamorphism occurs:areas
surrounding igneous intrusions
-Dynamothermal (regional) metamorphism
occurs when: rock becomes buried deeply
during continental collision and mountain
building
-Metamorphism, in broadest terms, involves:
changes in mineralogy and texture in response
to heat and stress
-Dynamothermal (regional) metamorphism
produces: nonfoliated rocks only
-Thermal (contact) metamorphism
produces:nonfoliated rocks only
-Burial metamorphism produces nonfoliated
rocks only
-Limestone commonly serves as a protolith in
the formation of marble.
-Slate commonly serves as a protolith in the
formation of phyllite.
-Sandstone commonly serves as a protolith in
the formation of
-Shale commonly serves as a protolith in the
formation of slate.
-Rapid, deep burial of sediments in an
accretionary prism leads to the formation of a
metamorphic rock termed: blueschist
Chapter 9: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic
Eruptions
-In 79 C.E., the citizens of Pompeii in the
Roman Empire were buried by pyroclastic
debris derived from an eruption of : Mt.
Vesuvius
-Basaltic lavas: contain more iron and
magnesium than rhyolitic lavas
-Ash, cinders, and blocks are all:volcaniclastic
debris
-Olympus Mons, the largest known volcano in
the Universe, is found on:Mars
-Volcanic bombs:pyroclastic blocks acquire
aerodynamic shapes during flight
-A fast moving flow consisting of a mixture of
water and volcaniclastic debris: lahar
-Explosive or voluminous eruptions may
cause the volcano to collapse on the floor of
the (now empty) magma chamber, producing
a broad depression: caldera
-The characteristic “rotten egg” smell of
active volcanoes:hydrogen sulfide gas
-3 primary forms of subaerial volcanoes,
shield volcanoes have the most gently sloping
sides, due to the low viscosity of the basaltic
lavas which form them.
-3 primary forms of subaerial volcanoes,
cinder cones consist simple, conical pile
tephra.
Of the three primary forms of subaerial
volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are sometimes
referred to as “composite volcanoes.”
-All volcanic eruptions pass through the crater
at the volcanic summit:False
-Nonviolent eruptions characterized by
extensive flows of basaltic lava: effusive
-Whether eruption produces lava flows or
pyroclastic debris influenced: all of the above
-The greatest hazard to human life associated
with volcanoes is: pyroclastic flows
-As compared to subaerial basaltic lavas,
submarine basaltic lavas differ in that they:
form pillow-like mounds because they cannot
flow as far from their source
-The hot-spot track associated with the
Hawaiian Islands and Emperor Seamounts:
shows that the Pacific Plate has been moving
northwest for the last 30 million years
-Which national park is home to a large
volcanic caldera formed through a very large
explosive eruption 640,000 years
ago:Yellowstone
Chapter 10: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
-Surface Opposed Sides Induced slip:Fault
-Hanging Wall Upward to Relative to
Footwall:Reverse or Thrust
-Footwall upward relative to Hanging
wall:Normal
-Fault vertical orientation opposite sides slide
horizontally:Strike Slip
-Quantity of offset fault:Displace
-Intersection between a fault
plane&ground:Fault trace
-Fault does not, by definition, have a fault
trace:Blind
-Greatest Earthquake Chile: 9.5
-Primary force opposing motion
faults:Friction
-Intermittent sliding on a fault result release
stress:Stick Slip
-Aftershocks following a major
earthquake:All
-Faulting and earthquakes are examples:Brittle
-Earthquake wave travels fastest:P wave
-Seismographs detect but also:Moon
-Point on Earth’s surface directly above
earthquake:Epicenter
-Seismic stations necessary to find the
epicenter:3
-Earthquake severity scale measures the
amplitude:Richter
-Medium- and deep-focus earthquakes
occur:Convergent
-Long-term prediction of earthquake behavior:
all of the above
-Earthquakes occur in a band called WadatiBenioff zone can be used to track motion of
subducted oceanic lithosphere.
-Short-term predictions of earthquake
behavior: have been largely unreliable
-liquefaction: shaken loose or water-saturated
sediments behave like a liquid
Chapter 11: Crustal Deformation &
Mountain Building
-An episode of mountain building is termed
a:Orogeny
-Deformation brought on by orogeny can:All
-Change in shape, induced by stress, is
termed:Strain
-A hot body of rock is more likely to
exhibit:Ductile
-Force per unit area is termed:Stress
-A fold shaped like an elongate arch:Anticline
-A fold shaped like a n:Syncline
-A fold shaped like an upside-down
bowl:Dome
-A fold shaped like an right-side up
bowl:Basin
-Orogenesis leads to the production:
-Regions of continents that have not been
subjected to orogeny:Cratons
-The Midcontinent Rift produces a
positive:Basalt
Chapter 12: Deep Time: How old is old?
-Contact#1:Fault
-Contacts#2&#3:Unconformites
-The oldest geologic unit in the cross
section:Limestone
-The youngest geologic unit visible in the
cross section:Conglomerate
-The marble rind surrounding the granite
pluton:Baked contacts
-The basalt body is best described:Dike
-Contact #3 is both:Disconformity
nonconformity
-lithology and fossil content idea
summarizes:original continuity
-Relative ages expressed on the geologic time
scale:FossilspatialSED
-Numerical ages for boundaries: radiometric
igneous rock
-Precisely speaking, a measured
radiometric:Temp equal Closure
-Radiometric dates applied to sedimentary:too
old
-The age of Earth cannot readily:All
-Which statement best development time
scale:Relative ages
-For multiple isotopes:atomic#,astomic mass
-If the numerical ages of two formations:True
CH13: A Biography of Earth
-Earth Old:4.57
-The Mesozoic era:Dinosaurs
-Crustal rock 150ma:million
-Himialayas collision Asia:India
-Cambraian explosion: Filter-feed
-crustal rock 150ka:thousand
-crustal rock dated to 1.9 Ga:1,900,000,000
-first dino:Triassic
-first mammals:Triassic
-Eon shelly: Phanerozoic
-The Cretaceous-Tertiary:65
-Quaternary glaciation:11,000
-Iridium-rich: Bolide
-Cenozoic Era, most large-bodied
terrestrial:mammals
-Earth became internally metallic core:Hadean
Eon
-Stromatolites are layered
structures:Cynobacteria
-Generally theory Moon:Impact Mars Hadean
-Carbon Sediments organic matter:C12
-Oxygen in Earth’s
atmosphere:Photosynthesis
-Banded-iron formations:Proterozoic
Chapter 14: Energy Resources
-The most commonly used sources: Coal& Oil
-permeable & porous rock: Reservoir Rock
-Produce a commercially viable oil
deposit:TRAP
-All porous rocks are highly permeable:False
-Hydrocarbons consisting of short:Volatile
-Oil window:Temperature
-Buried rock induced exude oil:Source
-Impermeable rock:Seal
-Black organic shales at temperatures
below:Kerogen
-The greatest depth at which oil:6.5km
-Drilled both oil and gas:gas float on oil
-Coal deposited in coal swamps:Carboniferous
-World’s supply of oil to be depleted:100
-Coal burning:Carbon Dioxide
-Three main arguments nuclear
power:Security,accident
-Two renewable energy resources:WIND
-Material is porous:permeable or impermeable
Chapter 15: Mineral Resources
-The ability of a metal to be bent:Mallebility
-Which 3 metal is native metal:Copper
-Concentrated in magmatic deposits: Sulfides
-Mineral-rich veins within
plutons:hydrothermal deposits
-Ore minerals 2 billion years old:Iron Oxides
-Not an important ore of iron:Pyrite
-Most Metals society from:Ore minerals
-Smelting:Native metals
-Open pits on surface Earth:Quarries
-Split easily into thin sheet roofing tiles:Slate
-Concrete is: Powered rock water
-U.S. active mines: False
-Coal mining:False
-Commercial Ore:Sandstone
-In magma chambers, sulfide:Sink to bottom
Chapter 16: Landslides & Mass Movement
-To geologist:all landslides are mm, but not
mm are land
-Slowest mass movement:Creep
-mass movement is least coherent:mudflow
-Mass movement curved surface:slump
-Landslide:Rock slide
-Difference between debris-mudflow:Grain
size
-Most rapid:Rock Slide
-Submarine movement order:Slump,debris,
current
-Increase risk of mass movement:Flooding
-Dry sediments, the angle of repose:30-37
Chap17: Geology of Running
Water:streams &floods
-Capacity of a stream-Sediment carry
-Competence:Stream
-Capacity:Mississippi
-Ephemeral streams:Portion of year
-Meandering streams: curvy
-Flat-lying river channel:Floodplain
-Lowest elevation downcut:BaseLevel
-Deppest part of Channel:Thawleg
-Slope of a streambed:Stream gradient
-Uniform sediments constant slope:Dendritic
-Region orthogonal joint:Retangular
-Region parallel series:Trellis
-Region isolated volcano:Radial
-Stream highest speed:Near the Top Center
-Equal Deep Narrow:More Rapid
-Base level of a stream rises a lake:Contacting
-Distinction between valley & canyon:Canyon
Steeper
-Inner edge of a meander:Point Bar
-Outer edge of a meander:Cut Bank
-Meander that is cut off:Oxbow Lake
-Discharge river humid region:Increase
Decrease
-flow faster in a stream with:Straight
-Shape of a delta:whether river currents
-Nile longer Amazon greatest discharge:True
-Amazon flowed toward the west rather than
the east:True
Chapter 18: Restles Realm:Ocean Coasts
-Coastal processes are of interest:False
-The form and topography:bathymetry
-The shallowest portion:shelve
-Sea Floor most steeply tilted:Slopes
-Majority of ocean floor:Plains
-Average depth abyssal plain:4.5
-Continental coastline broader shelve:Passive
-Turbidity current yield:Graded Bedding
-Density of seawater:De-temp&In-salinity
-Bathymetric map utlizize:Depth of sea floor
-Continetal interior,surface temp
coastal:Experience More
-Major Oceanic surface current:At an angleCoriolis effect
-wave will disturb water to depth:Wavelength
-Eddy is: tendency of current directions
-Magnitude of tidal effect:Both A and B
-Trench deepest sea floor:Marian trench
-Rip Current flow:directly away from
shorline-parllel
-Wave refraction,erosion along:Greatest in
headlands
-Sea level rise,ocean invade:Estuary
-Locally tidal reach:full or new moon
-Rouge waves arise:True
-Estuaries most commonly:Brackish
-Width of beach in winter:Less than
Chapter 19:Groundwater
-Topography of water table:Subdued mimic
-Order 3 types subsurface shallowdeep:Soil,vadose,ground
-Sinkholes concern:Limestone
-Groundwater flows:Greater water pressure
-Impermeable layer of rock:Aquitard
-Rock or sediment water filled
pores:Unsaturated zone
-Permeable rock or sediment
between:Confined
-Body of permedable rock resides:Unconfines
aquifer
-Rate of groundbater flux:Slope water table
Permeablilty
-Statement about recharge area:Same as
discharge
-In Groundwater:calcite
-Hard water:calcium magnesium
-Large cave Karst:Carbonic acid,Limestone
-Groundwater naturally flows:Spring
-Water Hot springs:Contain more minerals
-Land subsidence:nonrenewably-sediment
-Artesian well: induces upward
-Sorterd Sediments have:Greater
-Extensive pumping Groundwater:Saline
Intrusion
-Bioremediation:Pumping Oxygen & nutrients
Chapter 20: An Envelope of Gas: Earth’s
Atmosphere and Climate
-1st Earth atmosphere, dominated by:
hydrogen and helium
-pair gases most abundant in Earth’s modern
atmosphere:nitrogen & oxygen
-Oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere built up a
result of: photosynthesis
-gases important producing greenhouse
effect:carbon dioxide & methane
-gases most emitted in volcanic
outgassing:carbon dioxide & methane
- Atmospheric convection of heat radiated
from Earth’s surface & weather occur in layer
of the atmosphere: troposphere
-Most ozone occurs in which layer of Earth’s
atmosphere:stratosphere
- layer of atmosphere temp decrease with
altitude because most of its heat is derived
from the atmospheric layer immediately
below it:troposphere
-Which layer of the atmosphere has the lowest
density: troposphere
-As an air mass rises, it generally
experiences:a decrease in pressure
-air mass rises, it experiences:decrease in
temp due to adiabatic cooling
-Lines connecting points of equal atmospheric
pressure on a map are: isobars
-Lines connecting points of equal temperature
on a map:contour lines
-boundary between 2 bodies of air with
differing:front
-Laterally, at surface, winds blow from
regions:low temp to high temperature
-At zones of divergence & convergence,
surface winds are: southerly in the Southern
Hemisphere and northerly in the Northern
- high-altitude jet stream in Northern
Hemisphere travels from east to west due to
the Coriolis effect on northbound air masses.
- high altitude in troposphere, pattern of air
flow:equator to the horse latitudes
-Starting from the equator and moving toward
either pole, how many rows of global
convection cells are present within the
troposphere: one
-The development of cyclones & anticyclones
about high- and low-pressure regions is a
-Clouds generally form when air:sinks
-Contributing to the precarious geological
situation in New Orleans is the fact that while
sea level is rising, the surface of the land is
sinking due to sediment compaction (wetlands
drainage lowering water tables in sediment
aquifers) and sediment starvation (flood
control structures disallowing floodplain
sediment deposition:False
-Lightning can strike surface of Earth but also
travelscloud to cloud: True
-The strongest winds in a hurricane are found
within the central eye: False
Chapter 21: Geology of Deserts
-Qulify as a desert:Arid
-Vegetation:Scattered
-Heavy rainstorm:Greater in deserts
-Most Hot deserts:Cool off greatly
-Deserts sparsely populated:True
-30 North Lat:Cool Moist air sink
-Desert climate rain shadow:Leeward
-Deserts Costal Region:Warm
-Sahara Africa:subtropic atacoma
-Atacama Chile:cold ocean
-Gobi of Mongolia:Center of continent
-Desert life Correct:Herbivorous
-Humid climate, rate of chemical:Much
Slower
-Native Americans:Rocks coated varnish
-Calcrete desert:Calcite
Chapter 22: Glaciers & Ice Ages
-Ice substance high albedo:Reflect mostlight
-Cirques and horns:Mountain
-Glacial ice exhibits:Brittle-ductile
-Glaciers cover:10%
-Interglacial interval:10,000
-Antacrtica:Greenland
-Cape Cod:Moraines
-Bowl Shape depression:Cirque
-Angular Peak 3 or more:Horn
-Valleys carved by glaciers:U,V
-Sea Level Rise fill valley:Fjord
-Sediments glaciers:Absence
-Modern Continental Configuration
Hempisphere:North;South
-Long Term Factor Glacial Ice:Carbon
Dioxide
-Increase albedo Earth:Favor;positive
Chapter 23: Global Change Earth
-The presence of liquid water on Earth’s
surface is: unique within the solar system;
liquid water would not have developed had
Earth been much closer or farther from the
Sun
-Uplifted areas subjected to weathering and
erosion at the surface; this provides an
example of: negative feedback
-Which of the following natural processes
releases carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere:volcanism
-Which of the following processes removes
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere:
photosynthesis
-Which of the following processes may be
responsible for short-term cooling, yet in the
long term favors warm, greenhouse
climate:atmospheric carbon dioxide
-An increase through time in the proportion of
heavy oxygen (O-18) in a sequence of
carbonate sediments implies:Earth was
becoming warmer over time
-With the increased amount of information
that has been discovered in recent years,
scientists have become increasingly certain
that:Earth’s climate is warming due to
variation in solar output; human inputs of
atmospheric greenhouse gasses have not had a
significant influence
-Currently, global warming appears to be most
strongly affecting the climate and wildlife
of:polar regions
-factors that affect Earth’s long-term climate
are different from those that affect climate on
shorter time scales (i.e. weather): True
-According to geological evidence and
computer models based upon that evidence,
which statement about global warming is
correct:That atmospheric carbon dioxide
warms the Earth through the greenhouse effect
is well established. Almost certainly, human
contributions of carbon dioxide are chiefly
responsible for the warming seen in the past
two hundred years, and global warming will
almost certainly continue into the future.
-A crater discovered in the Yucatan peninsula
in Mexico appears to be the right age to be a
result of an impact which brought about the
extinction of numerous species at the end of
the Cretaceous period.
-The hole in the ozone layer has been brought
about by anthropogenic emissions of
:chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)