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Vivek Sridhar – Samira Samant AP Euro, Period 4 Italy and Spain In Italy, a common form of government was an (1)____________, a small group that ruled a city and its surrounding countryside. It was created by a combination of the northern Italian feudal nobility and the commercial elite. This form of government sometimes became militaristic in order to consolidate or reaffirm its power over the peasants, and was called (2)______________, a type of government in which one man ruled and handed down the right to rule to his son. The common people were known as (3)___________ – disenfranchised and heavily taxed, they resented their exclusion from the government. The Italian citystates themselves, however, anticipated future political relations among competing European powers. Whenever one city-state appeared to become more powerful than its neighbors, weaker powers combined to combat this future threat. They successfully established a (4)___________________________ between themselves. A continuous struggle for power existed both within an individual city-state and between that city-state and others. In Florence, a powerful banking family, the (5)___________, controlled politics from behind the scenes from 1434 to 1494. This family was also featured in The Prince, a guidebook for princes and rulers by (6)______________________. As Europe transitioned into the period known as the Renaissance, Italy was the first to feel its effects. The 14th century poet and humanist (7)_____________________ thought that he was living at the start of a new age, a period of light following a long night of Gothic gloom. As the study of the Latin classics was revived in the Renaissance, a philosophy known as (8)_______________ emerged, which was divided into two types, Italian and Christian. A new attitude that emerged during the Renaissance was (9)________________: it stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and the complete development of one’s capabilities and talents. Another predominant strain of thought that emerged was (10)______________, which pivoted around a basic concern with the material world instead of with the eternal spirit. The Renaissance spread rapidly throughout Europe, entering into the phase known as the (11)________________, or height of the Renaissance. Several prominent artists arose during this time. (12)____________________ painted The Last Supper, which stressed the tension between Christ and the disciples to create a subtle psychological interpretation. Another artist, (13)_____________, became the most sought-after artist in Europe during his short lifetime, gaining the commission for frescos in the papal apartments and producing hundreds of portraits and devotional images. A third extremely famous artist, (14)____________________, painted The Last Judgment behind the altar of the Sistine Chapel, and sculpted both David and La Pieta. A major Italian city-state, (15)_____________ produced many of the Renaissance’s finest artists and thinkers, including Giovanni Pico and Donatello. (16)________ and (17)_________ were the king and queen of Spain during the Renaissance. Their wars that were fought to control the Iberian peninsula, the (18)________, eventually ended by the middle of the fifteenth century. To curb the rebellious and warring aristocracy, the revived the (19)_______, or “brotherhoods,” which were local groups given authority to act as local police. Because of anti-Jewish sentiment in Spain, about 40% of the Jewish population of Spain was killed or forced to convert. Those who converted were called (20)_________ and were hated by the vast majority of the Spanish population. Because of this, the king of Spain set up the (21)________, which “searched out and punished converts from Judaism who had transgressed against Christianity by secretly adhering to Jewish beliefs and performing rites of the Jews.” Much later, the Spanish explorer (22)________ discovered the West Indies. Later, (23)__________, another Spanish explorer, discovered Mexico and conquered the Aztecs. Yet another explorer, (24)_________, discovered South America and conquered the Incas. Because of colonial territory conflicts between Portugal and Spain, the (25)_________ created the (11)__________ that split territory in the Americas between the two countries. The flow of ideas, goods, and people between Europe and the Americas was known as the (26)___________. Spanish rule in the Americas was, at times, harsh and cruel to the natives. The (27)_________ was a system of rule in the colonies where natives were subjugated to hard work on plantations, where they were ruled over by Creoles and Peninsulares. When the natives were beginning to run out, the Spanish relied on the (28)_________ to bring in new labor from West Africa. Later, Philip II of Spain wanted to impose religious unity on Western Europe by force, so he went a fleet of ships to attack England. This fleet, known as the (29)_________, was completely defeated, an event that ended Philip’s attempt to impose religious unity on Western Europe by force, and started the decline of Spain as a world power. After the (30)_______ of Spain, where the Spanish economy was in its prime due to the inflow of (31)_______ from the New World, a (32)________ led to severe inflation in Spain. Eventually, the Spanish kings and aristocracy got into a mood of (33)_________, and they did not think anything good would come out of Spain. (34)_______ was a book that criticized this mentality of the Spanish monarchs. Eventually, Spain faded as a world power. Answers 1. oligarchy 2. signori 3. popolo 4. balance of power 5. Medicis 6. Machiavelli 7. Francesco Petrarch 8. humanism 9. individualism 10.secularism 11.High Renaissance 12.Leonardo da Vinci 13.Raphael 14.Michelangelo 15.Florence 16. Ferdinand 17. Isabella 18. Reconquista 19. Hermandades 20. Conversos 21. Spanish Inquisition 22. Christopher Columbus 23. Hernando Cortes 24. Francisco Pizarro 25. Treaty of Tordesillas 26. Line of Demarcation 27. Columbian Exchange 28. Encomienda System 29. Atlantic Slave Trade 30. Spanish Armada 31. Golden Century 32. Silver 33. Price Revolution 34. Fatalism 35. Don Quixote