Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Unit 5: Ancient Rome Part III: The Rise of Christianity, the Decline and Fall of Rome, and Rome’s Legacy Quick Class Discussion: What was religion like in Rome? Religion in the Roman Empire Religion in Rome was polytheistic & based upon the Greek gods Romans worshipped the gods without a great deal of emotion. Quick Class Discussion: How do you think the Romans treated people they conquered who had different religions? Emperors were mostly of other religions, Religion in thetolerant Roman Empire but expected everyone who lived in the empire to respect the Roman gods as a sign of loyalty ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Brief Review: Ancient Hebrews Lived in Fertile Crescent Monotheistic – 10 commandments Torah as Holy Book Migrated from Ur to Canaan (Palestine) Famine forces Hebrews to go to Egypt Eventually become slaves Moses leads Hebrews to escape slavery (The Exodus) Took 40 years – finally get back to Canaan Kingdom of Israel – 1000B.C. David is King – united tribes into 1 nation Solomon- built capital at Jerusalem But heavy taxation on people – revolt follows Kingdom split into 2 – Israel (North) & Judah (South) Babylonians conquer and force Jews into exile. Eventually, Cyrus (Persian leader) allows Jews to return to homeland. In 63 B.C., thein Romans conquered the Religion the Roman Empire Hebrew kingdom of Judea & allowed “Romanized Jews” (who showed respect & obeyed Roman laws) to govern Judea But, the Hebrews were monotheistic & many refused to pay respect to the Roman gods Hebrews began to resist ReligionMany in the Roman Empire Roman rule and their King Herod. Two groups of Jews – 1) Zealots- get rid of Romans 2) Believed God would send a Messiah (savior) who would soon appear and restore the kingdom to the Jews •Romans crush revolt in 66A.D., capture Jerusalem and destroy Temple. Wailing Wall (Western Wall) is all that remains) •Judaism survives in scattered communities throughout the empire. •Diaspora 132 AD – Dispersal of the Jews Quick Class Discussion: What happened in Judea during the Roman Empire? Birth of Jesus & Beginning of Christianity •Sometime between 6 & 4 B.C. in Judea (Bethlehem), a Jew named Jesus was born; Many considered Jesus to be the Messiah •Raised in Nazareth in Palestine/ trained as a carpenter. •At the age of 30, Jesus began preaching a unique version of Judaism that became known as Christianity. The Teaching of Jesus ■ Jesus did good works, performed miracles, & delivered his religious teachings – Jesus preached a religion based on the Jewish belief in one god (monotheism) – He based much of his good works on the Ten Commandments – Jesus taught that he was God’s son & that God would rid the world of evil – Jesus promoted a personal relationship with God. – He taught of God’s love, mercy and forgiveness towards others, & eternal life in heaven for those who repent their sins Quick Class Discussion: What kind of person would Christianity appeal to? Jesus & the Disciples Jesus’ message of eternal life Jesus’ followers in heaven appealed to many were known as people, especially the poor the 12 disciples The Crucifixion of Jesus Chief Jewish priests in Judea did not accept the idea that Jesus was the Messiah & accused him of blasphemy (contempt for God) Roman leaders feared Jesus’ growing popularity In 29 A.D., Jesus was arrested for defying Roman authority & was crucified under Governor Pontius Pilate Spread of Christianity: •According to the Gospels, three days later Jesus rose from the dead and began preaching again •Finally, it was said he was ascended into heaven. Quick Class Discussion: What role did the apostle Paul play in Christianity? The Spread of Christianity The Apostles, especially Paul, molded Jesus’ teachings into a new religion called Christianity based upon the idea that Jesus was God’s son & that he died for man’s sins The Apostles taught that Jews & Gentiles were welcome as Christians After Jesus’ death, Paul helped spread Jesus teachings throughout the Roman Empire Paul used epistles or letters to interpret Jesus’ ideas to others. Paul (real name Saul) travels throughout empire during Pax Romana. Christianity spread quickly due to roads, numerous trade routes, & common language throughout the Roman Empire Quick Class Discussion: How did the Romans treat Hebrews & Christians? Persecution of Jews & Christians ■ Spread of Judaism & Christianity were seen as problems for the Roman emperors: – Jews & Christians refused to worship the Roman gods or recognize the emperor as more important than God – Many Christians & Jews were persecuted by Romans; Many were crucified, exiled, or executed during gladiator events – Christians who died became martyrs (people who sacrifice their lives for their beliefs) which helped spread the faith Why did Christianity Become a World Religion? 1) Embraced all people. 2) Gave hope to the powerless 3) Appealed to those who were repelled by extravagance or imperial Rome. 4) Offered a personal relationship with God. 5) Promised eternal life after death Quick Class Discussion: How was the early Christian Church organized? Organization of the Early Christian Church ■ Christians organized the faith: –A hierarchy of leadership was created in which local priests were supervised by regional bishops; The head of the church was the Pope who operated from Rome –Teachings were collected into the Bible, the official source of religious truth for Christianity Christianity Becomes Recognized ■ Christianity spread throughout Roman Empire & gained popularity –In 312 A.D., Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity & issued the Edict of Milan which gave freedoms & equality to Christians and ends their persecution –In 380 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire Reading: St. Augustine’s City of God ■ Bishop of Hippo (North African province of the Roman empire) ■ 396AD – writes City of God – chief defense of Christianity – not to be blamed for eventual collapse of the Roman Empire. Review: Timeline of the Roman Republic/Empire Rome began as a city-state that was heavily influenced by Greek culture The Roman Republic By 509 B.C., Rome was ruled by elected Senators who served in the Roman Republic The Roman Republic During the Republic, Rome expanded by defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars & later under generals like Julius Caesar The Roman Republic But, the Republic weakened due to corruption, civil wars, & the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C. The Roman Empire After Caesar’s death, Rome became an empire ruled by the Emperor Augustus The Roman Empire Under Augustus, Rome entered an era of peace & prosperity known as the Pax Romana Pax Romana The Roman Republic After 207 years of prosperity during the Pax Romana, the Empire began to decline & was conquered in 476 A.D. Pax Era of Romana decline Quick Class Discussion ■Why did the Roman Empire decline? –Brainstorm a list of reasons why the mighty Roman Empire might have entered an era of decline The Decline of the Roman Empire ■The fall of the Roman Empire happened in 3 major stages: –An era of decline due to internal problems within Rome The Romans experienced political problems The empire was too large for one emperor to control. Lots of fighting – rival commanders each wanting to be emperor – no rules for succession Emperors after the Pax Romana were weak (Marcus Aurelius – The Last of the Good Emperors) Citizens experienced a loss of confidence, patriotism, & loyalty to the Roman gov’t The Romans experienced economic problems Outside groups disrupted trade Rome had a trade imbalance (they bought more than they produced) Poor harvests led The gov’t raised taxes & printed to food shortages new coins which led to inflation The economic decline left many Roman farmers poor – many left their land and seek protection from wealthy landowners The Romans experienced military problems Germanic tribes outside Rome were gaining strength The Roman military was To save money, Romans growing weak: generals hired foreign soldiers were challenging the but these “mercenaries” authority of the emperors were not loyal to Rome Quick Class Discussion ■What would you do to save the empire? –Brainstorm a series of reforms that might save Rome from its decline The Decline of the Roman Empire ■The fall of the Roman Empire happened in 3 major stages: –An era of decline due to internal problems within Rome –A brief period of revival due to reforms by Emperors Diocletian & Constantine Attempts to Reform the Empire ■ In 284 A.D. Emperor Diocletian came to power & made a series of reforms that temporarily halted Rome’s decline – To fix the military, he doubled the size of the Roman army – To fix the economy, he fixed prices for goods and wages. Farmers had to remain on land. Sons had to have same job as their fathers – To fix the lack of loyalty, he presented himself as a godlike emperor with elaborate ceremonies – Viewed Christianity as a threat, and passed decrees to persecute Christians. Diocletian’s most important reform was realizing Rome was too large & dividing the empire into the Western and Eastern Roman Empires The was divided But,empire the empire The East was far wealthier than between was also Greek-speaking divided the West because it had most of & Latin-speaking halves by wealth the great cities & trade centers Attempts to Reform the Empire ■ After Diocletian, the emperor Constantine came to power & continued to reform Rome – To help unify Rome, he ended persecutions, promoted religious toleration & converted to Christianity – He moved the official capital from Rome to a new city in the East, Byzantium (Constantinople) •Constantinople was a major trade center & was easy to defend; The city was built in the Roman style but had a strong Greek & Christian influence. •This move would strengthen the Eastern Roman Empire at the expense of the west and Rome itself The Decline of the Roman Empire ■The fall of the Roman Empire happened in 3 major stages: –An era of decline due to internal problems within Rome –A brief period of revival due to reforms by Emperors Diocletian & Constantine –Continued decline, invasion by Germanic “barbarians”, & the conquest of Rome After Emperors Diocletian & Constantine, The Collapse the Roman the Western Romanof Empire continued Empire to decline Germanic Tribes in the North: Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Angles, Saxons, Burgundians, Alemanni, and Vandals Disease, corruption, & declining economy exposed the West to attack from outside invasions The Collapse ofattacks the Roman 410 By 370 AD –A.D., Visigoth “barbarian” leader Alaric groups outside Rome 434 Rome, AD –led Attila by the the Huns, Hun –Empire began “Scourge to attack of God” – savage campaign of conquest The weak Roman army in the West could do little to stop the invasions; By 476, Germanic barbarians led by Odoacer conquered Western Rome The Fall of Rome The decline of the After the Fall of Rome Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire led to the Middle Ages – renamed the Byzantine Empire preserved Greek and Roman works for another thousand years Roman Achievements The Romans developed innovations that are still used today because: – Rome’s location along the Mediterranean Sea allowed for trade, travel, conquest & cultural diffusion with other cultures – The Romans adapted Greek and Hellenistic ideas (Greco-Roman). The Romans were pragmatic (practical people) and took these ideas and made them work. – The wealth of the Roman Empire, especially during the Pax Romana, allowed the Romans to promote culture & invention. Roman Architecture ■ The Romans were tremendous builders who improved upon Greek designs with two new architectural features: arches & domes: – Arches – curved structures over an opening that can support its own weight – were used by the Romans to create enormous building like the Coliseum and the Pantheon. – Domes – created open spaces in buildings ■ Using cement, Romans built arenas so thousands of people could attend “circuses” (entertainment events). Arts and Architecture ■Roman art is realistic – “warts and all” ■Sculpture also captures emotions. ■Frescoes (wall paintings) and mosaics (painting made with chips of colored stone or glass) Roman Architecture ■Who influenced the Romans in architecture? ■What is one unique characteristic of Roman building? ■Sketch an arch. Compare the images of the Roman Coliseum & the Georgia Dome 1. Write three similarities that you can see (or can assume) about their architecture Roman Roads ■ The Romans built the largest and longest-lasting network of roads in the ancient world. ■ At the height of the empire, Roman roads stretched for 56,000 miles and included 29 major highways. ■ At first the roads were built to move soldiers quickly, but eventually the routes served many people and purposes, including trade. Roman Roads Roman Aqueducts ■ One of the Roman’s greatest and most practical engineering feats was the channeling of water to their towns and cities ■ Roman engineers built the aqueducts to move the cold, clear water from springs over 250 miles into towns. ■ Some of the aqueducts are still standing and in use. One in Spain is a two-tiered aqueduct that is 95 feet above the ground and is 2,388 feet long! Roman Aqueducts If the curvy line between the lake and the Roman city represents hills and valleys, how would the Romans get the water to the city? Sketch an aqueduct that connects the lake and city. Sciences ■Ptolemy – scientist and astronomercomes up with geocentric theory (earth is center of the universe) ■Galen – doctor – medical encyclopedia and experimentation ■Pliny the Elder – volumes of work on geography, zoology, botany –Died during the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79AD Roman Calendar ■ The Romans began using a new solar calendar that was borrowed heavily from the Egyptian calendar and had been improved by the scholars of Alexandria. ■ This new calendar (called the “Julian calendar” after Julius Caesar) had 365 days and 1 extra day every fourth year. ■ July was named after Julius Caesar because it included his birthday. Roman Calendar Three months on the Julian calendar are named after famous Romans. One is July. 1.What are the other two months? 2.Who are they named after? Roman Language • Roman conquest spread Latin through much of Europe. Over time, different regions in Europe developed languages based on Latin. • Languages based on Latin are known as Romance languages. • Words in the five major Romance languages often sound alike – for example, the Latin word for “freedom”, libertas, translates as liberta in Italian, liberte in French, libertad in Spanish, liberdade in Portuguese, and libertate in Romanian. Literature ■Poetry – Virgil’s Aeneid picks up where the Iliad and Odyssey leave off. Virgil is trying to rile up Roman patriotism. ■Horace writes satires- poked fun at Roman society. Other poets, Juvenal and Martial were very harsh against Roman society. Historians ■Livy tells of Roman patriotism and glorifies some ancient heroes like Cincinnatus (dictator who ruled for short time). ■Tacitus was against Augustus and liked the simple lifestyle of the Germanic tribes in the northern part of the empire. Philosophy ■Marcus Aurelius (last of the good emperors) embraced stoicism (from the Hellenistic Age) –He stressed the ideas of duty and the importance of accepting one’s fate. –These ideas will be incorporated into Christianity. Roman Law ■ Roman laws were made by the Senate and then posted for the people to see, called the Twelve Tables. ■ 2 Systems of Laws – Civil laws – applied to citizens (did not cover non-citizens) – Law of nations – applied to all people under Roman rule ■ Roman law allowed anyone – including the poor and slaves – to accuse others of crimes. Legacy of the Roman Law ■ The Roman legal system included a criminal court system with lawyers and juries so people accused of crimes could defend themselves. Witnesses could be called to give witness testimony. – Innocent until proven guilty – Face your accuser – Defend yourself – Guilt must be established through evidence – Judges interpret the laws