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Chapter 13 Content
Introduction
Describe five adaptations that help blue-footed boobies survive.
Bacterial Plasmids and Gene Cloning
13.1 Briefly describe the history of evolutionary thought.
13.1 Explain how Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle influenced his thinking.
13.1 Describe the ideas and events that resulted in Darwin’s 1859 book.
13.2 Explain how the work of Thomas Malthus and the process of artificial selection influenced Darwin’s development
of the idea of natural selection.
13.2 Describe Darwin’s assumptions in developing the concept of natural selection.
13.3 Explain how fossils form, noting examples of each process.
13.3 Explain how the fossil record provides some of the strongest evidence of evolution.
13.4 Explain how biogeography, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and molecular biology document
evolution.
13.5 Describe two examples of natural selection known to occur in nature. Note three key points about how natural
selection works.
Population Genetics and the Modern Synthesis
13.6 Define the gene pool, a population, and a species.
13.6 Explain the significance of the modern evolutionary synthesis.
13.6 Explain how microevolution occurs.
13.7 Describe the five conditions required for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.
13.17–13.8 Explain the significance of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium to natural populations and to public health science.
13.9 Define genetic drift and gene flow. Explain how the bottleneck effect and the founder effect influence
microevolution.
13.10 Explain how genetic bottlenecks threaten the survival of certain species.
Variation and Natural Selection
13.11 Explain why only some variation is heritable. Explain how genetic variation is measured.
13.12 Explain how mutation and sexual recombination produce genetic variation.
13.13 Explain how antibiotic resistance has evolved.
13.14 Explain how genetic variation is maintained in populations.
13.14 Explain what is meant by neutral variation.
13.15 Define fitness. Explain how “survival of the fittest” can be misleading.
13.16 Describe the three general outcomes of natural selection.
13.17 Define and compare intrasexual selection and intersexual selection.
13.18 List four reasons natural selection cannot produce perfection.