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Download How Geography Led to the Rise and Fall of Rome
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Geography and the Rise and Fall of Rome The Early Beginnings • Settled by the Greeks around 753 B.C. – Favorable climate, good farmland, strategic location • City was built on seven hills – Farms at bottom of hills, dwellings on top of hills • Close to Mediterranean Sea and its trade routes – Tiber River aided in trade and provided protection The Italian Peninsula • Being surrounded on three sides by water helped Rome’s development • Easy access to other lands surrounding the Mediterranean – Conquered new territories and developed new trade routes • Alps and Apennines protected, but did not isolate • Large plains made farming easier than in Greece Early Roman Life • Farmers grew wheat, barley, fruits, vegetables, etc. and raised oxen, pigs, goats, sheep, and chickens. • Landowning farmers served in the army. • Some farmers got very rich and built huge estates. – Increased gap between rich and poor. • Hard work, loyalty, and discipline became strong Roman qualities – Helped the Roman army conquer Italy Small Steps in Conquest • First Punic War (241 B.C.) – Rome conquers most of Sicily • Annexation of Corsica • Annexation of Sardinia • Second Punic War (218 B.C.) Roman Empire circa 218 B.C. Results of the Second Punic War • Complete control of Sicily • Conquest of Carthaginian Spain • Creation of Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior • Establishes province in Africa Roman Empire circa 100 B.C Julius Caesar • Elected to consul in 59 B.C. • Conquers all of Gaul in 57 B.C. • Crushes revolt of Vercingetorix in Gaul in 51 B.C. • Crosses the Rubicon, defeats Pompey, becomes sole dictator of Rome – Refers to himself as ‘imperator’ • Invades Egypt in 49 B.C., declares Cleopatra queen • Killed in 44 B.C. Death of Julius Caesar 44 B.C. Reign of Augustus • Defeats Mark Anthony, becomes first Roman emperor • Cleopatra commits suicide, Egypt is annexed to Rome • Boundary between Roman and Persian Empires is settled at the Euphrates • Expands borders to the Danube in 13 B.C. • Expands borders to the Balkans in 6 A.D. Death of Augustus 14 A.D. Period of Many Emperors • Tiberius succeeds Augustus 14 A.D. to 37 A.D. • Caligula 37 A.D. to 41 A.D. – Assassinated • Claudius 41 A.D. to 54 A.D. – Invades Britain, founds Londinium • Nero 54 A.D. to 68 A.D. – Conquers Armenia – Sets fire to Rome, blames Christians – Commits Suicide More Emperors • Vespasianus 68 A.D. to 79 A.D. • Tito 79 A.D. to 98 A.D. – Destroys Jerusalem; Jews flee to Armenia, Iraq, Iran, Arabia, Egypt, Italy, Spain, and Greece – Romans invade Caledonia (Scotland) • Trajan 98 A.D. to 117 A.D. – Captures Petra (Jordan) and turns it into an Arabian province – Dies on a journey to the Persian Gulf Roman Empire circa 117 A.D. The Empire at its Largest Hadrian • Builds a wall (Hadrian’s Wall) along the Northern frontier to keep barbarians out. • Crushes Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from entering Jerusalem and changes the name to Aelia Capitolina • Antoninus Pius succeeds Hadrian and repels the antiJewish laws Slow Decline • Divisions between East and West develop by 275 B.C. • Western provinces break away to form Gallic Empire • Palmyrene Empire gains control of Eastern provinces Roman Empire circa 275 A.D. East and West • The Strong East – Constantinople traded with Africa, Asia, and Europe – Eastern cities were larger and well fortified • The Black Sea provided a natural barrier from attack. • The Weak West – Western cities were smaller, poorer, and far from trade routes – Northern invaders were a constant threat • No money to pay for defense Roman Empire circa 337 A.D. Constantine’s Divisions The Fall of Rome 476 A.D.