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Bellwork • What was the positive affect of the Crusades on Europe? World History Section 5, Unit 2 The Renaissance Objectives • Describe the changes in European society during the Renaissance and compare these changes to those of the Romans and Greeks. • Examine the changes in art, literature, and technology during this time. • Connect the Crusades to the Renaissance. • Examine how the weakening of the Church lead into the intellectual revolution • Describe the effects of the printing press on Europeans Life in the Middle Ages • During the late Middle Ages, Europeans suffered from war and plague. • Those who survived began to question the Church- which hadn’t protected them from plague- and questioned structures in society that had blocked social advancement. Renaissance • The years 1300-1600 saw an explosion of creativity in Europe, called the Renaissance or “rebirth”– in this case of art and learning. • The Renaissance started in northern Italy around 1300 and spread north. Renaissance • Italy was able to reap the benefits of the Renaissance before Europe because: 1. France and England were in the Hundred Years War 2. Italy had thriving cities with trade– through trade, they learned more information from Muslim scholars who preserved Greek and Roman texts. 3. Italy had a bustling merchant class 4. The country contained the classical heritage of Greece and Rome Renaissance • Overseas trade, spurred by the Crusades, had led to growth of large city-states in northern Italy. • The region also had many sizable towns and so Italy was urban while the rest of Europe was primarily rural. • Since cities tend to be a place where people exchange ideas, they became a breeding ground for an intellectual revolution. Renaissance • As well, the plague also made it so that the leftover work force– around 40% of the original populacecould demand higher wages. • With higher wages, people could pursue other interests, such as art. Essentially, with more money, Europeans could now focus more on the arts (or humanities) rather than agriculture or manufacturing. Renaissance • Throughout Italy, citystates formed and worked independently. • Because they were relatively small, the citizens in these citystates often were involved in political life. The various Italian city-states, ruled by individual rulers (Medici in Florence, Pope in Rome, etc.). They were often involved in constant warfare. Renaissance • An enduring feature of the times, however, was that social class was no longer inherited. • Merchants often were the wealthiest citizens and represented a new growing class of people who deserved power and wealth because they worked for it, rather than having been born into it. Renaissance • Around 1434, a major change occurred in Italy. • The city-state of Florence came under power of the Medici, a powerful family who made their fortune in banking and trade. • The head of the family, Cosimo de’ Medici, essentially became a dictator by influencing members of the ruling council with loans. Renaissance • While Cosimo de’ Medici died in 1464, his family retained power. • His grandson, Lorenzo de’ Medici, came into power in 1469 and, while a essentially a dictator, became a patron– financial supporter- of the arts. Renaissance • Thanks in part to the Medici, Renaissance scholarship began to grow. • Renaissance scholars looked down on Medieval art and literature and looked to the Classic works for inspiration. • These scholars studied ancient Latin and Greek manuscripts that came into their possession after Constantinople fell in 1453– manuscripts the Italians thought were lost forever. Renaissance • As scholars studied these works, they became increasingly influenced by classical ideas. • These ideas led them to embrace a new belief system, called humanism- a philosophy which focused on human potential and achievements. Humanism • Instead of trying to make classical texts agree with Christian teachings, humanists focused on trying to understand Greek values. • Humanists influenced artists and architects to carry on classical traditions, rather than fit them into the Christian belief system. – Humanists popularized the study of subjects such as history, literature, and philosophy– subjects commonly known as the humanities. Secularism • In the Middle Ages, some religious peoples proved their piety by living harsh lives. • However, humanists pushed forth the idea that one should enjoy life– i.e. enjoy the material goods like food, luxuries, and music. Secularism • While most people remained devout Christians, the basic spirit of Renaissance society was secular– worldly and concerned with the here and now. Question: How is this different from the previous world view during the Middle Ages? Secularism • Because people began to seek pleasure, Renaissance popes began to beautify Rome. • They became patrons of the arts and funded new sculptures and paintings for the city to enjoy. Question: What is a “Renaissance man”? Renaissance Men • Renaissance writers began to introduce the idea that some people were artistic geniuses. • Though a true genius was rare, all educated people were expected to create art and attempt to master every area of study. • Those who were successful were praised as a “universal man” or “Renaissance Men”. Renaissance Women • Upper-class women were expected to know the classics and be charming. However, they were not expected to seek fame. • As well, women were not to create art, just inspire it. • While Renaissance women were far more educated than medieval women, they tended to have less influence than medieval women. Catherine of Siena- an influential woman of the church at the time and who had several works published. Changes in art • As the Renaissance advanced, artistic styles changed. • Medieval artists tended to use religious subjects and tried to convey a spiritual ideal. – While Renaissance artists focused on the same subjects, how they presented the art tended to take a more classical form. Michelangelo’s Pieta Changes in art • There became a new emphasis on the individuals and painters followed by painting prominent citizens. • Their realistic portraits revealed what was interesting about each person. • In addition, some artists glorified the human body. Changes in art • Donatello, a Renaissance artist, made the earliest steps in sculpture by carving natural poses and expressions that revealed personality. • He also revived classical form by carving the statue David, which was the first free-standing nude since ancient times. Changes in art • Other Renaissance artists, like Masaccio (muh-sah-chee-oh) rediscovered techniques, such as perspective, which indicates three dimensions. Question: How does this image show perspective? Marriage of a Virgin (1504)-- Raphael Changes in art-perspective Medieval art tended to make more important people larger, regardless of their location in the image. Medieval Changes in Art Renaissance art focused more on perspective Changes in art • Michelangelo inspired later artists by creating figures that were forceful with heroic grandeur and power (much like the classic works). • In this, he helped Renaissance artists explore the theme of human potential, a concept quite popular in Hellenistic Greek art. Changes in art • Other Renaissance men, like Leonardo da Vinci, focused not only on art, but also on science. • Da Vinci filled his notebooks with new inventions and incorporated much of his findings in his art. A sketch of a proposed vehicle by da Vinci. Changes in art • Aside from being a brilliant inventor, da Vinci was an amazing artist. • Aside from painting one of the most recognizable portraits in the world, the Mona Lisa, he also focused much of his time on anatomical studies and oil paints that would inspire later artists. Changes in art • Of those inspired by Michelangelo and Leonardo was Raphael, a younger Renaissance artist. • Learning from their works, Raphael painted various famous paintings, which often focused on calm, gentle expressions. Women Artists • Although Renaissance society generally restricted women’s roles, a few Italian women did become painters. Sofonisba Anguissola Women Artists • Sofonisba Anguissola was the first woman who gained international reputation after she painted portraits of prominent people, such as King Philip II of Spain. • Others, such as Artemisia Gentileschi (gen-teel-les-ske), painted strong, heroic women. Literature • While Renaissance art grew, literature expanded during this time. • Many new writers during this time focused on issues that were relevant during their time and began using techniques still used today. Literature • Many began to follow in the footsteps of the Italian writer Dante and began writing in vernacular, their native language instead of Latin. • Many of these writers began to write for self-expression or to portray their individuality. Question: why might writing in vernacular be better than writing in Latin? Literature • Early writers, due to their subscribing to new humanist ideals, began to write about things that brought them pleasure. • Boccaccio (boh-kahchee-oh) for example wrote the Decameron, which was a series of offcolor stories in which the humor was cutting. He presents the follies of his characters with some sarcasm. Quick Review Directions: As part of your notes, answer the following questions in your notebook. You have 5 minutes to answer as many as possible. 1. What were some of the artistic techniques rediscovered? 2. How was the rights of women in the Renaissance compared to those in the Middle Ages? 3. What was humanism and how was it different from the previous world view? 4. Why did the Renaissance start in Italy? Renaissance Spreads • While all these changes occurred, by the end of the 15th century, the Renaissance began to spread. • Through trade and increased contact, Renaissance ideas had spread to France, Germany, and England. Renaissance Spreads • By 1453, the Hundred Years War had ended and France and England were recovering. • As well, they were also seeing economic growth as urban centers began to grow and allowed urban merchants to be able to sponsor artists. Renaissance Spreads • Unlike Italy, which was a collection of citystates, France and England were unified under strong monarchs. • These rulers often supported the arts, which led to a rise in Renaissance works outside of Italy. • As these ideas spread north, they mingled with new traditions. As a result, the northern Renaissance developed its own characteristics, such as increased religious values in art. Renaissance Spreads • In 1494, a French king claimed the throne in Naples in southern Italy and launched an invasion through northern Italy. • To protect themselves, Italian artists and writers fled to northern Europe and with them came the styles and techniques of the Renaissance. Northern Artists • Many of these northern artists focused much on painting realistic portraits and landscapes. • These paintings, inspired by the Italians, were almost photographic in detail. Northern Artists • However, one of the most important achievements of the northern Renaissance artists was the “discovery” of oilbased painting, which could be blended with other colors more easily. A section from “The Garden of Earthly Delights” by Bosch Northern Artists • A Flemish artist, Jan van Eyck developed a oil-based technique that created extremely vibrant colors (as seen to the left). • Thanks to his works, Italian artists began to paint in oils. Humanists • While the Italians tended to take on a more secularist viewpoint, northern Renaissance ideas were influenced more by religion. • These people tended to be called Christian Humanists. One particular change in Christian humanism is that it began to emphasize the humanity of Jesus. Humanists • Some, like Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More, studied the world from a Christian viewpoint. • Erasmus came to the conclusion that Christianity is a religion of the heart, not of ceremonies. • More, being concerned with society’s flaws, developed the modern concept of a utopia– peaceful world. The purposes of this was to show the world a better model for living. – i.e. a world without greed, war, crime, or even money Writers • Of this time, Renaissance writers revered the classics. • Many of them, like William Shakespeare, were inspired by these classics. – Shakespeare went so far as to even write about the assassination of Julius Caesar. Question: What language did Shakespeare write in? William Shakespeare • William Shakespeare wrote in Renaissance England. • In the late Renaissance period- late 1500’s- he was writing various poems and plays. • Some of these included: – Romeo and Juliet – A Midsummer Night’s Dream – Macbeth – Hamlet – King Lear Many of his stories focused on human flaws. Printing • One major creation that helped spread Renaissance ideas was an invention adapted from Chinese technology. • The Chinese had invented block printing, in which a printer carved a Chinese symbol into a wooden block that would then be dipped in ink and pressed to paper. – However, the Chinese had too many characters for this to be practical. Printing • In time, however, the block-printing concept reached the Europeans to create whole pages. • However, this process was quite slow to satisfy the Renaissance demand for knowledge and books. Question: Who developed the printing press? Printing • Around 1440, Johann Gutenberg reinvented moveable type, which was practical because European languages had few letters in their alphabets. • Gutenberg then created the printing press. Printing • The printing press worked by pressing paper against a tray full of inked movable type, as seen to the right. • These words (or letters) would just be rearranged and pressed against paper. – With this, people working with the machine could produce thousands of pages a day. Keep in mind that the press can only produce the same two pages per block of movable type, but that they can produce so many that it would take much shorter time to produce the books. Effects The Gutenberg Bible– only 49 exist and the last time they sold, one sold for $7 million (adjusted for inflation). • Printing had a tremendous effect on European society. • For the first time, books were cheap enough for people to buy them. • By 1500, the presses in 250 cities had produced between 910 million books and continued to spread. Effects • New ideas spread more quickly than ever before. • At first, printers only created religious works, but soon they began to create travel guides and medical books. The availability of books caused people to want to read and caused a tremendous rise in literacy in Europe. Effects Question: How might the increase in reading affect Christianity? • However, the printing press had an adverse affect on Christianity. • People could read and interpret the Bible and became more critical of the priests and their behavior. This would eventually lead to religious reform. End of the Renaissance • Throughout Europe, the Renaissance spurred a burst of creativity. • While the Renaissance ideas began to fade by the late 1600s, the new ideas and styles that had appeared continued to influence European thought. Closure • In your notebooks, write down what you think the effects of the Renaissance was on society. Review Objectives • Describe the changes in European society during the Renaissance and compare these changes to those of the Romans and Greeks. • Examine the changes in art, literature, and technology during this time. • Connect the Crusades to the Renaissance. • Examine how the weakening of the Church lead into the intellectual revolution • Describe the effects of the printing press on Europeans Questions? • If you have any questions, please ask now. Next lesson • In the next lesson, we are going to discuss the Reformation era in Europe. Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What was the effect of the printing press on a) literacy rates, b) spread of knowledge, and c) Christianity? What is secularism and how is secularism different from the world view Europeans held during the Middle Ages? How were women during the Renaissance different from Medieval women? How do you think the use of vernacular (i.e. writing in ones native language) helped make the printing press more effective at spreading knowledge? Recall: How could the plague have helped push Europe towards the Renaissance (consider the changes in religious belief, population, and work)? Describe two (2) reasons why the Renaissance began in Italy. In your opinion, why might the printing press be one of the most significant inventions in human history?