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1. a) The sagittal plane divides the brain into left and right sides. The horizontal plane divides the brain into upper and lower sides. The coronal plane divides the brain into front and back. Anterior and rostral refer to front directions. Caudal and posterior refer to rear directions. Dorsal refers to the upwards direction. Ventral refers to the downwards direction. Medial refers to locations in the middle. Lateral refers to locations off to either side from a medial position. b.) Ipsilateral refers to two structures being on the same side, contralateral refers to two structures being on opposite sides. CSF stands for cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid is found in the ventricular system of the brain and in the spine. It functions as protection for the brain by providing mechanical and immunological protection. It also plays a vital role in regulating blood flow in the brain. Disruption in the normal flow of the fluid can result in brain damage. PNS stands for the peripheral nervous system. It refers to all other parts of the nervous system than the brain and the spinal cord. It is divided into somatic and visceral (autonomic nervous system, ANS) parts. Somatin PNS refers to the parts of the PNS that are under voluntary control. Conversely, visceral PNS refers to the parts of the PNS that are autoregulated and not under voluntary control e.g., heart muscle. Affarent refers to information transport towards something. Effarent refers to information transport away from something. Sensory axons for example are affarent as they bring information into the nervous system. Axons that activate muscles on the other hand are efferent as they transport information away from the nervous system into the muscle to be activated. 2. The temporal lobe is located just under the lateral fissure below the frontal and parietal lobes and in front of the occipital lobe on the sides of the brain. The temporal lobe contains - amongst other structures - the hippocampus and is responsible for processing sensory information of various modalities as well as integrating that information into a coherent whole. It receives auditory information from the cochlea via the auditory nerve and hence plays an important role in auditory perception and e.g., speech and pitch processing. It also plays a crucial role in the formation memories, learning, emotions, spatial navigation and language in general. 3. The lateral surface of the brain. a) Gross features 1. Olfactory bulb 2. Cerebrum 3. Cerebellum 4. Brain stem b.) Selected Gyri, Sulci, and Fissures 5. Lateral (Sylvian) fissure 6. Precentral gyrus 7. Central sulcus 8. Postcentral gyrus 9. Superior temporal gyrus c.) Cerebral lobes and the insula 1. Temporal lobe 2. Frontal lobe 3. Parietal lobe 4. Occipital lobe 5. Insula d.) Major sensory, motor and association areas of the cortex 6. Auditory cortex 7. Inferotemporal cortex 8. Prefrontal cortex 9. Premotor area 10. Supplementary motor area 11. Primary motor cortex 12. Somatosensory cortex 13. Posterior parietal cortex 14. Visual cortex 15. Gustatory cortex The medial surface of the brain a.) Brain stem structures 1. Medulla 2. Pons 3. Tectum (midbrain) 4. Tegmentum (midbrain) 5. midbrain 6. Hypothalamus 7. Thalamus 8. Pineal body 9. Cerebellum b.) forebrain structures 10. Optic chiasm 11. Olfactory bulb 12. Fornix 13. Cingulate gyrus 14. Corpus callosum 15. Calcarine fissure 16. Hippocampus 17. Amygdala a.) ventricles 1. Spinal canal 2. Fourth ventricle 3. Cerebral aqueduct 4. Third ventricle 5. Lateral ventricle The ventral surface of the brain 6. Medulla 7. Cranial nerves 8. Optic nerve 9. Olfactory bulb 10. Optic chiasm 11. Optic tract 12. Hypothalamus 13. Mammillary body 14. Midbrain 15. Pons The dorsal surface of the brain a) cerebrum 1. Longitudinal cerebral fissure 2. Central sulcus 3. Left hemisphere 4. Right hemisphere 5. Corpus callosum b.) cerebrum removed 6. Left cerebellar hemisphere 7. Vernis 8. Right cerebellar hemisphere 9 Spinal cord c.) Cerebrum and cerebellum removed 10. Pons 11. Midbrain 12. Thalamus 13. Pineal body 14. Superior colliculus 15. Inferior colliculus 16. Cerebellar peduncle 17. Fourth ventricle Forebrain at thalamus/telecephalon junction a.) Gross features 1. Hypothalamus 2. Basal forebrain 3. Temporal lobe 4. Lateral fissure 5. Insula 6. Frontal lobe 7. Lateral ventricles 8. Thalamus 9. Third ventricle b.) Selected Cell and fiber groups 10. Internal capsule 11. Cortical white matter 12. Fornix 13. Corpus callosum 14. Cerebral cortex 15. Septal area 16. Caudate nucleus 17. Putamen 18. Globus pallidus Forebrain at mid-thalamus a.) Gross features 1. Hypothalamus 2. Basal forebrain 3. Temporal lobe 4. Insula 5. Thalamus 6. Parietal lobe 7. Lateral ventricle 8. Lateral fissure 9. Third ventricle b.) Selected cell and fiber groups 10. Subthalamus 11. Substantia nigra 12. Amygdala 13. Globus pallidus 14. Putamen 15. Ventral posterior nucleus 16. Ventral lateral nucleus 17. Corpus callosum 18. Fornix 19. Cerebral cortex 20. Caudate nucleus 21. Internal capsule 22. Cortical white matter 23. Mammillary body Forebrain at Thalamus-Midbrain Junction a.) Gross features 1. Midbrain 2. Temporal lobe 3. Thalamus 4. Third ventricle 5. Parietal lobe 6. Lateral ventricle 7. Cerebral aqueduct b.) Selected cell and fiber groups 8. Cortical white matter 9. Corpus callosum 10. Cerebral cortex 11. Pulvinar nucleus 12. Lateral geniculate nucleus 13. Hippocampus 14. Medial geniculate nucleus Rostral midbrain 1. Red nucleus 2. Substantia nigra 3. periaqueductal gray 4. superior colliculus 5. Cerebral aqueduct Caudal midbrain 6. Substantia nigra 7. Periaqueductal gray 8. Inferior colliculus 9. Cerebral aqueduct Pons and cerebellum 10. Pontine nuclei 11. Pontine reticular formation 12. Deep cerebellar formation 13. cerebellar cortex 14. Fourth ventricle Rostral Medulla 1. Medullary pyramid 2. Inferior olive 3. Superior olive 4. Raphe nucleus 5. Ventral cochlear nucleus 6. Dorsal cochlear nucleus 7. Fourth ventricle Mid Medulla 8. Medullary pyramid 9. Medial lemniscus 10. Inferior olive 11. Medullary reticular formation 12. Nucleus of the solitary tract 13. Vestibular nucleus 14. Fourth ventricle Medulla-spinal cord junction 15. Medullary pyramid 16. Medial lemniscus 17. Dorsal column nuclei 18. Spinal canal Spinal cord, ventral-lateral surface 1. Spina dura mater 2. Spinal arachnoid 3. Subarachnoid space 4. Spinal pia mater 5. Ventral column 6. Ventral horn 7. Lateral column 8. Dorsal horn 9. Dorsal column 10. Spinal canal 11. Lateral horn 12. Dorsal root filaments 13. Dorsal root 14. Dorsal root ganglion 15. Spinal nerve 16. Ventral root 17. Ventral root filaments Spinal cord, cross-sectional anatomy 18. Spinothalamic tract 19. Dorsal column 20. Ascending sensory pathways 21. Descending sensory pathways 22. Corticospinal tract 23. Rubrospinal tract 24. Lateral pathway 25. Medullary reticulospinal tract 26. Tectospinal tract 27. Pontine reticulospinal tract 28. Vestibulospinal tract 29. Ventromedial pathways The cranial nerves 1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Auditory/vestibular 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Spinal accessory 12. Hypoglossal