Download Exercise 2 Deadline 8th November 4:15 pm 1 Nicotine

Exercise 2
Deadline 8th November 4:15 pm
1
Nicotine is a drug that is derived from the tobacco plant. It acts as a receptor agonist for
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The ventral tegmental area is responsible for dopamine
release. These dopamine neurons also have nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Presence of
nicotine will increase the dopamine release. The exact process of how dopamine works is
unknown, but we know that people when able to choose do things that release dopamine. It’s a
sort of reward system, but with overuse, this gets downregulated, and the result is a need for
larger intake of nicotine. (p 569, 175, 193)
2
a)
b)
Ipsilateral means that something exist on the same side laterally. Contralateral means that is
placed on the opposite side.
CSF is short for cerebrospinal fluid. It is found in CNS and flows through the ventricular
system to the subarachnoid space. The fluid is produced by the choroid plexus.
PNS is short for the peripheral nervous system and it consists of all parts of the nervous
system except for the brain and spinal cord. ANS ont he other hand is short for the autonomic
nervous system. It’s the involuntary part of PNS and as such controls the internal organs, blood
vessels and glands.
Afferent is term used to describe when something brings information to somewhere while
efferent is used when something brings information from somewhere.
3
The frontal lobe is one of the four lobes (frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital) that divide the
cerebral cortex. It is located in the forehead under the frontal bone. The posterior border of the
frontal lobe is the central sulcus. Caudal to the frontal lobe lies the parietal lobe. The lateral
Sylvian fissure and the insula separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe. Basal forebrain
lies dorsal to the frontal lobe.
The frontal lobe can be divided into two parts the prefrontal cortex and the motor cortex. The
frontal lobe is larger in humans than in most other animals. It’s function is not very well known,
but researchers suspect that it is responsible for what makes us human. Examples of these
features are complex planning and, self awareness and problem solving. This means that the
frontal lobe also is important for learning and memory. In left frontal lobe lies Brocas area which
is responsible for language and speech. Lesions in the frontal lobe can lead to drastic
personality changes.
The motor are can be divided into primary motor area 4 and supplementary motor and premotor
area 6. These area are involved in conscious moving.
4
P 251
1 temporal lobe
2 frontal lobe
3 parietal lobe
4 occipital lobe
5 insula
6 auditory cortex
7 inferotemporal cortex
8 prefrontal cortex
9 Premotor area
10 supplementary motor area
11 primary motor cortex
12 somatosensory cortex
13 posterior parietal cortex
14 visual cortex
15 gustatory cortex
P 252
1 Medulla
2 pons
3 tectum
4 tegmentum
5 midbrain
6 hypothalamus
7 thalamus
8 pineal body
9 cerebellum
10 optic chiasm
11 olfactory bulb
12 formix?
13 cingulate gyrus
14 corpus callosum
15 calcarine fissure
16 hippocampus
17 amygdala
P 253
1 spinal cord
2 fourth ventricle
3 cerebral aqueduct
4 third ventricle
5 lateral ventricle
6 medulla
7 cranial nerves
8 optic nerves
9 olfactory bulb
10 optic chiasm
11 optic tract
12 hypothalamus
13 mammillary body
14 midbrain
15 pons
P 254
1 longitudinal cerebral fissure
2 central sulcus
3 left hemisphere
4 right hemisphere
5 corpus callosum
6 left cerebellar hemisphere
7 vermis
8 right cerebellar hemisphere
9 spinal cord
10 pons
11 midbrain
12 thalamus
13 pineal body
14 superior colliculus
15 inferior colliculus
16 cerebellar peduncle
17 fourth ventricle
P 256
1 hypothalamus
2 basal forebrain
3 temporal lobe
4 lateral (Sylvian) fissure
5 insula
6 frontal lobe
7 lateral ventricle
8 thalamus
9 third ventricle
10 internal capsule
11 cortical white matter
12 formix
13 corpus callosum
14 cerebral cortex
15 septal area
16 caudate nucleus
17 putamen
18 globus pallidus
P 256
1 hypothalamus
2 basal forebrain
3 temporal lobe
4 insula
5 thalamus
6 parietal lobe
7 lateral fissure
8 lateral (Sylvian) fissure
9 third ventricle
10 subthalamus
11 substantia nigra
12 amygdala
13 globus pallidus
14 putamen
15 ventral posterior nucleus
16 ventral lateral nucleus
17 corpus callosum
18 fornix
19 cerebral cortex
20 caudate nucleus
21 internal capsule
22 cortical white matter
23 mammillary body
P 257
1 midbrain
2 temporal lobe
3 thalamus
4 third ventricle
5 parietal lobe
6 lateral ventricle
7 cerebral aqueduct
8 cortical white matter
9 corpus callosum
10 cerebral cortex
11 pulvinar nucleus
12 lateral geniculate nucleus
13 hippocampus
14 medial geniculate nucleus
P 258
1 Red nucleus
2 substantia nigra
3 periaqueductal gray
4 superior colliculus
5 cerebral aqueduct
6 substantia nigra
7 periaqueductal gray
8 inferior colliculus
9 cerebral aqueduct
10 pontine nucleus
11 pontine reticular formation
12 deep cerebellar nuclei
13 cerebellar cortex
14 fourth ventricle
P 259
1 medullary pyramid
2 inferior olive
3 superior olive
4 raphe nucleus
5 ventral cochlear nucleus
6 dorsal cochlear nucleus
7 fourth ventricle
8 medullary pyramid
9 medial lemniscus
10 inferior olive
11 medullary reticular formation
12 nucleus of the solitary tract (gustatory nuleus)
13 vestibular nucleus
14 fourth ventricle
15 medullary pyramid
16 medial lemniscus
17 dorsal column nuclei
18 spinal canal
P 260
1 spinal dura mater
2 spinal arachnoid
3 subarachnoid space
4 spinal pia mater
5 ventral column
6 ventral horn
7 lateral column
8 dorsal horn
9 dorsal columns
10 spinal cord
11 lateral horn
12 dorsal root filaments
13 dorsal root
14 dorsal root ganglion
15 spinal nerve
16 ventral root
17 ventral root filaments
18 spinothalamic tract
19 dorsal column
21 ascending sensory pathways
21 descending motor pathways
22 corticospinal tract
23 rubrospinal tract
24 lateral pathway
25 medullary reticulospinal tract
26 tectospinal tract
27 pontine reticulospinal tract
28 vestibulospinal tract
29 ventromedial pathway
P 261
1 olfactory
2 optic
3 oculomotor
4 trochlear
5 trigeminal
6 abducens
7 facial
8 auditory-vestibular
9 glossopharyngeal
10 vagus
11 spinal accessory
12 hypoglossal