Download 1. a) The sagittal plane divides the brain into left and right sides. The

1. a)
The sagittal plane divides the brain into left and right sides.
The horizontal plane divides the brain into upper and lower sides.
The coronal plane divides the brain into front and back.
Anterior and rostral refer to front directions.
Caudal and posterior refer to rear directions.
Dorsal refers to the upwards direction.
Ventral refers to the downwards direction.
Medial refers to locations in the middle.
Lateral refers to locations off to either side from a medial position.
b.)
Ipsilateral refers to two structures being on the same side, contralateral refers to two structures
being on opposite sides.
CSF stands for cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid is found in the ventricular system of the brain and in
the spine. It functions as protection for the brain by providing mechanical and immunological
protection. It also plays a vital role in regulating blood flow in the brain. Disruption in the normal
flow of the fluid can result in brain damage.
PNS stands for the peripheral nervous system. It refers to all other parts of the nervous system than
the brain and the spinal cord. It is divided into somatic and visceral (autonomic nervous system,
ANS) parts. Somatin PNS refers to the parts of the PNS that are under voluntary control.
Conversely, visceral PNS refers to the parts of the PNS that are autoregulated and not under
voluntary control e.g., heart muscle.
Affarent refers to information transport towards something. Effarent refers to information transport
away from something. Sensory axons for example are affarent as they bring information into the
nervous system. Axons that activate muscles on the other hand are efferent as they transport
information away from the nervous system into the muscle to be activated.
2. The temporal lobe is located just under the lateral fissure below the frontal and parietal lobes and
in front of the occipital lobe on the sides of the brain.
The temporal lobe contains - amongst other structures - the hippocampus and is responsible for
processing sensory information of various modalities as well as integrating that information into a
coherent whole. It receives auditory information from the cochlea via the auditory nerve and hence
plays an important role in auditory perception and e.g., speech and pitch processing. It also plays a
crucial role in the formation memories, learning, emotions, spatial navigation and language in
general.
3. The lateral surface of the brain.
a) Gross features
1. Olfactory bulb
2. Cerebrum
3. Cerebellum
4. Brain stem
b.) Selected Gyri, Sulci, and Fissures
5. Lateral (Sylvian) fissure
6. Precentral gyrus
7. Central sulcus
8. Postcentral gyrus
9. Superior temporal gyrus
c.) Cerebral lobes and the insula
1. Temporal lobe
2. Frontal lobe
3. Parietal lobe
4. Occipital lobe
5. Insula
d.) Major sensory, motor and association areas of the cortex
6. Auditory cortex
7. Inferotemporal cortex
8. Prefrontal cortex
9. Premotor area
10. Supplementary motor area
11. Primary motor cortex
12. Somatosensory cortex
13. Posterior parietal cortex
14. Visual cortex
15. Gustatory cortex
The medial surface of the brain
a.) Brain stem structures
1. Medulla
2. Pons
3. Tectum (midbrain)
4. Tegmentum (midbrain)
5. midbrain
6. Hypothalamus
7. Thalamus
8. Pineal body
9. Cerebellum
b.) forebrain structures
10. Optic chiasm
11. Olfactory bulb
12. Fornix
13. Cingulate gyrus
14. Corpus callosum
15. Calcarine fissure
16. Hippocampus
17. Amygdala
a.) ventricles
1. Spinal canal
2. Fourth ventricle
3. Cerebral aqueduct
4. Third ventricle
5. Lateral ventricle
The ventral surface of the brain
6. Medulla
7. Cranial nerves
8. Optic nerve
9. Olfactory bulb
10. Optic chiasm
11. Optic tract
12. Hypothalamus
13. Mammillary body
14. Midbrain
15. Pons
The dorsal surface of the brain
a) cerebrum
1. Longitudinal cerebral fissure
2. Central sulcus
3. Left hemisphere
4. Right hemisphere
5. Corpus callosum
b.) cerebrum removed
6. Left cerebellar hemisphere
7. Vernis
8. Right cerebellar hemisphere
9 Spinal cord
c.) Cerebrum and cerebellum removed
10. Pons
11. Midbrain
12. Thalamus
13. Pineal body
14. Superior colliculus
15. Inferior colliculus
16. Cerebellar peduncle
17. Fourth ventricle
Forebrain at thalamus/telecephalon junction
a.) Gross features
1. Hypothalamus
2. Basal forebrain
3. Temporal lobe
4. Lateral fissure
5. Insula
6. Frontal lobe
7. Lateral ventricles
8. Thalamus
9. Third ventricle
b.) Selected Cell and fiber groups
10. Internal capsule
11. Cortical white matter
12. Fornix
13. Corpus callosum
14. Cerebral cortex
15. Septal area
16. Caudate nucleus
17. Putamen
18. Globus pallidus
Forebrain at mid-thalamus
a.) Gross features
1. Hypothalamus
2. Basal forebrain
3. Temporal lobe
4. Insula
5. Thalamus
6. Parietal lobe
7. Lateral ventricle
8. Lateral fissure
9. Third ventricle
b.) Selected cell and fiber groups
10. Subthalamus
11. Substantia nigra
12. Amygdala
13. Globus pallidus
14. Putamen
15. Ventral posterior nucleus
16. Ventral lateral nucleus
17. Corpus callosum
18. Fornix
19. Cerebral cortex
20. Caudate nucleus
21. Internal capsule
22. Cortical white matter
23. Mammillary body
Forebrain at Thalamus-Midbrain Junction
a.) Gross features
1. Midbrain
2. Temporal lobe
3. Thalamus
4. Third ventricle
5. Parietal lobe
6. Lateral ventricle
7. Cerebral aqueduct
b.) Selected cell and fiber groups
8. Cortical white matter
9. Corpus callosum
10. Cerebral cortex
11. Pulvinar nucleus
12. Lateral geniculate nucleus
13. Hippocampus
14. Medial geniculate nucleus
Rostral midbrain
1. Red nucleus
2. Substantia nigra
3. periaqueductal gray
4. superior colliculus
5. Cerebral aqueduct
Caudal midbrain
6. Substantia nigra
7. Periaqueductal gray
8. Inferior colliculus
9. Cerebral aqueduct
Pons and cerebellum
10. Pontine nuclei
11. Pontine reticular formation
12. Deep cerebellar formation
13. cerebellar cortex
14. Fourth ventricle
Rostral Medulla
1. Medullary pyramid
2. Inferior olive
3. Superior olive
4. Raphe nucleus
5. Ventral cochlear nucleus
6. Dorsal cochlear nucleus
7. Fourth ventricle
Mid Medulla
8. Medullary pyramid
9. Medial lemniscus
10. Inferior olive
11. Medullary reticular formation
12. Nucleus of the solitary tract
13. Vestibular nucleus
14. Fourth ventricle
Medulla-spinal cord junction
15. Medullary pyramid
16. Medial lemniscus
17. Dorsal column nuclei
18. Spinal canal
Spinal cord, ventral-lateral surface
1. Spina dura mater
2. Spinal arachnoid
3. Subarachnoid space
4. Spinal pia mater
5. Ventral column
6. Ventral horn
7. Lateral column
8. Dorsal horn
9. Dorsal column
10. Spinal canal
11. Lateral horn
12. Dorsal root filaments
13. Dorsal root
14. Dorsal root ganglion
15. Spinal nerve
16. Ventral root
17. Ventral root filaments
Spinal cord, cross-sectional anatomy
18. Spinothalamic tract
19. Dorsal column
20. Ascending sensory pathways
21. Descending sensory pathways
22. Corticospinal tract
23. Rubrospinal tract
24. Lateral pathway
25. Medullary reticulospinal tract
26. Tectospinal tract
27. Pontine reticulospinal tract
28. Vestibulospinal tract
29. Ventromedial pathways
The cranial nerves
1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Auditory/vestibular
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Spinal accessory
12. Hypoglossal