Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Medieval technology wikipedia , lookup
Post-classical history wikipedia , lookup
Migration Period wikipedia , lookup
European science in the Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Early Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Christianity in the 9th century wikipedia , lookup
Late Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Christianity in the 11th century wikipedia , lookup
History of Christianity during the Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Name Date THE MIDDLE AGES IN I I I I I I I I I I EUROPE History 1(C) Identifo major causes and describe the major effects of the ... formation of medieval Europe. History 3(B) Exptain the impact of the faLL of Rome on Western Europe. History 4. The student understands how, after the collapse of classicat #iE:ff$: rC EiHrE illitfi :E:Hlfi :P :l g:Hlli:;8'll empires, new political, economic, and social systems evotved and expanded from 600 to 1,450. o HistorV 4(A) ExpLain the devetopment of Christianity as a unifying social and political factor in medieval Europe and the Byzantine Empire. o HistoU 4(B) Exptain the characteristics of Roman Cathoticism and Eastern 0rthodoxy. o HistorV 4(C) Describe the major characteristics of and the factors contributing to the devetopment of the politica/social system of feudalism and the economic system of manoriatism. o HistorV 4(G) Exptain how the Crusades ... contributed to the end of medieval Europe. Geography f6(B) Analyze the influence of human and physical geographic factors on major events in world history. Government 20(B) Identify the impact of potitical and [ega[ ideas contained in Justinian's Code of Laws [and] Magna Carta. Government 20(C) Explain the political philosophy of Thomas Aquinas... Citizenship 22(B) Identifythe jnfluence of ideas regarding the rightto a "trial by a jury of your peers" ... Culture 23(B) Identify examples of religious influence on various events referenced in the major eras of world history. Culture 24(A) Describe the changing roles of women, children, and families during major eras of wortd history. Cutture 26(A) Identify significant examples of art and architecture that demonstrate an artistic ideal or visual principle from selected cultures. In this chapter, you will learn about Europe after the fall of Rome. In the East, the Roman Empire continued as the Byzantine Empire. In the West, Europe experienced centuries of turmoil as different groups invaded and political authority was frequently challenged by outbreaks of violence. Eventually, a new political, social and economic order emerged, known as feudalism. EsseENTffrAL QuEsTroNs tu tu ffi* tu Byzantine Empire? What were the main characffiistic;'Tfi""'the charact How was Western Europe affected by the collapse of Rome? How did the system of feudalism restore order to Western Europe? How did religious betiefs shape life-styles in this period? ro2 Name Date CHAPTER I r I I r I Vyzantine Ewrpire Constantinople Eastern 0rthodoxy Code of Justinian Middfe Aqes Charleunaqne I I I I I I tevdalisn Lords Kniqhts Serfs Manor Manorialisn 8: The Middle Ages in I I I I r I Europe 103 Ihree-field Systewl Rowran Catholicisn The?ope Crusades Thowras Aquinas MagnaCarta In the East, the Byzantine Empire emerged with its center at Constantinople. It was to last for almost 1,000 years. Emperor Justinian brought together Roman laws into a comprehensive legal code. Afterthefallof theRomanEmpire, WestemEurope descendedinto aperiodof chaos. Different ribes set up separate kingdoms. Waves of invaders kept Europe in turmoil. Cities fell into decay and much of the leaming of the ancient world was lost. To protect themselves, Europeans developed the system of feudatism a - to political, economic and social system. Under feudalism, the king gave land his nobles in return for their service. Nobles provided the king with knights. Serfs worked on self-sufficient manors for their noble lords. During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church preserved learning and emerged as the most powerful institution in Westem Europe. The Pope was the head of the Catholic Church. St. Augustine emphasized the role of faith, while St. Thomas Aquinas believed that Christian teachings were compatible with the exercise of reason. Aquinas also believed in natural law. Christians and Muslims fought for control of the Holy Land during the Crusades. The Crusades infroduced Europeans to new goods and ideas from the Middle East. In 330 A.D., Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium, a Greek city in the eastern part of the empire. He renamed this city Constantinople. The city was located along land routes that connected Europe and Asia. The city was also strategically located on the Bosporus , awaterway connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. Constantinople was surrounded on three sides by water, and the city had thick walls, making it was almost invulnerable to attack. Name 704 Date MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY While the western half of the Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th centurytheeasternhalf of the empire survived for another thousand years. The Byzantines saw themselves as simply continuing the Roman Empire. Like the emperors of Rome, the Byzanttne emperors continued to be all-powerful. They maintained an imperial system of government over a diverse population. Because Constantinople was in the East, most of its merchants and other residents spoke Greek. At first, the official language of government remained Latin, but it also eventually was replaced by Greek. Eastern The Byzantines were also united by their own form of Christianity which was separate from the Catholic Church. Orthodox Christians did Orthodoxy not recognize- the Pope as the head of their church. Instead, they had their own Patriarch. images of Jesus and the saints. Orthodox Christians decorated their churches with icons There were also other differences, such as views on the Trinity and the shape of the cross they displayed in their churches. There were several reasons why the Byzantine Empire survived as one of the most powerful economic, cultural and military forces in Europe: ClassicaI Cultures. Byzantium benefited from a rich infusion of Greek, Roman, Christian, and Midd[e Eastern cultures. Location. At the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Constantinople was a major center for trade. Silks and spices from the East, furs from Russia, and grains, olives, and wines from the empire itself brought great wealth. REASONS FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE Strong Central Government. Byzantium was ruted by a series of powerful emperors with a strong centra[ized administration and a singLe set of taws. Large Army. The Byzantine central govern ment taxed merchants and peasants to support a Large standi ng army.