Download mastering teks ch 8

Name
Date
THE MIDDLE AGES
IN
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
EUROPE
History 1(C) Identifo major causes and describe the major effects of the ...
formation of medieval Europe.
History 3(B) Exptain the impact of the faLL of Rome on Western Europe.
History 4. The student understands how, after the collapse of classicat
#iE:ff$:
rC EiHrE illitfi
:E:Hlfi
:P
:l
g:Hlli:;8'll
empires, new political, economic, and social systems evotved and expanded from
600 to 1,450.
o HistorV 4(A) ExpLain the devetopment of Christianity as a unifying social and
political factor in medieval Europe and the Byzantine Empire.
o HistoU 4(B) Exptain the characteristics of Roman Cathoticism and Eastern 0rthodoxy.
o HistorV 4(C) Describe the major characteristics of and the factors contributing to the
devetopment of the politica/social system of feudalism and the economic system of
manoriatism.
o HistorV 4(G) Exptain how the Crusades ... contributed to the end of medieval Europe.
Geography f6(B) Analyze the influence of human and physical geographic factors on major
events in world history.
Government 20(B) Identify the impact of potitical and [ega[ ideas contained in Justinian's
Code
of Laws [and] Magna Carta.
Government 20(C) Explain the political philosophy of Thomas Aquinas...
Citizenship 22(B) Identifythe jnfluence of ideas regarding the rightto a "trial by a jury of
your peers" ...
Culture 23(B) Identify examples of religious influence on various events referenced in the
major eras of world history.
Culture 24(A) Describe the changing roles of women, children, and families during major eras
of wortd history.
Cutture 26(A) Identify significant examples of art and architecture that demonstrate an artistic
ideal or visual principle from selected cultures.
In this chapter, you will learn about Europe after the fall of Rome. In the East, the Roman
Empire continued as the Byzantine Empire. In the West, Europe experienced centuries
of turmoil as different groups invaded and political authority was frequently challenged
by outbreaks of violence. Eventually, a new political, social and economic order emerged,
known as feudalism.
EsseENTffrAL QuEsTroNs
tu
tu
ffi*
tu
Byzantine Empire?
What were the main characffiistic;'Tfi""'the
charact
How was Western Europe affected by the collapse of Rome?
How did the system of feudalism restore order to Western Europe?
How did religious betiefs shape life-styles in this period?
ro2
Name
Date
CHAPTER
I
r
I
I
r
I
Vyzantine Ewrpire
Constantinople
Eastern 0rthodoxy
Code of Justinian
Middfe Aqes
Charleunaqne
I
I
I
I
I
I
tevdalisn
Lords
Kniqhts
Serfs
Manor
Manorialisn
8: The Middle Ages in
I
I
I
I
r
I
Europe 103
Ihree-field Systewl
Rowran Catholicisn
The?ope
Crusades
Thowras Aquinas
MagnaCarta
In the East, the Byzantine Empire emerged with its center at Constantinople.
It was to last for almost 1,000 years. Emperor Justinian brought together
Roman laws into a comprehensive legal code.
Afterthefallof theRomanEmpire, WestemEurope descendedinto aperiodof chaos.
Different ribes set up separate kingdoms. Waves of invaders kept Europe in turmoil.
Cities fell into decay and much of the leaming of the ancient world was lost.
To protect themselves, Europeans developed the system of feudatism
a
- to
political, economic and social system. Under feudalism, the king gave land
his nobles in return for their service. Nobles provided the king with knights.
Serfs worked on self-sufficient manors for their noble lords.
During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church preserved learning and emerged
as the most powerful institution in Westem Europe. The Pope was the head
of the Catholic Church. St. Augustine emphasized the role of faith, while
St. Thomas Aquinas believed that Christian teachings were compatible with
the exercise of reason. Aquinas also believed in natural law.
Christians and Muslims fought for control of the Holy Land during the Crusades.
The Crusades infroduced Europeans to new goods and ideas from the Middle East.
In 330 A.D., Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium, a
Greek city in the eastern part of the empire. He renamed
this city Constantinople. The city was located along
land routes that connected Europe and Asia. The city
was also strategically located on the Bosporus , awaterway connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.
Constantinople was surrounded on three sides by water, and the city had thick walls, making it was almost invulnerable to attack.
Name
704
Date
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
While the western half
of the Roman Empire
collapsed in the 5th
centurytheeasternhalf
of the empire survived
for another thousand
years. The Byzantines saw themselves
as simply continuing
the Roman Empire.
Like the emperors of
Rome, the Byzanttne
emperors continued to
be all-powerful. They
maintained an imperial system of government over a diverse population. Because Constantinople was in the East, most of its merchants
and other residents spoke Greek. At first, the official language of government remained Latin,
but it also eventually was replaced by Greek.
Eastern
The Byzantines were also united by their own form of Christianity
which was separate from the Catholic Church. Orthodox Christians did
Orthodoxy
not recognize- the Pope as the head of their church. Instead, they had their own Patriarch.
images of Jesus and the saints.
Orthodox Christians decorated their churches with icons
There were also other differences, such as views on the Trinity
and the shape of the cross
they displayed in their churches.
There were several reasons why the Byzantine Empire survived as one of the most
powerful economic, cultural and military forces in Europe:
ClassicaI Cultures. Byzantium benefited from
a rich infusion of Greek, Roman, Christian, and
Midd[e Eastern cultures.
Location. At the crossroads of Europe and Asia,
Constantinople was a major center for trade. Silks
and spices from the East, furs from Russia, and
grains, olives, and wines from the empire itself
brought great wealth.
REASONS FOR THE SURVIVAL OF
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Strong Central Government. Byzantium was ruted
by a series of powerful emperors with a strong centra[ized administration and a singLe set of taws.
Large Army. The Byzantine central govern ment
taxed merchants and peasants to support a Large
standi ng army.