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1 APPENDICES Appendix A: Workshop 1 PFPD RED “PROFILE” 2010 IINOVATION PROJECT SCIENCE NINTH GRADE AFTERNOON SHIFT NAME _______________________________________________________________________COURSE 901 Workshop 1: FINDING THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS OBJECTIVE To promote prior knowledge and dictionary use to improve reading comprehension SCIENCE THEME EVOLUTION: NATURAL SELECTION ACTIVITIES 1. Read the text carefully and underline the unknown words The theory of evolution suggests why there are differences among living things! Darwin developed of the theory of evolution that is accepted by most scientists today. He described his ideas in a book called On the Origin of Species, which was published in 1859. After many years, Darwin’s hypothesis became known as the theory of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection means that organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Their traits are passed to more offspring. The principles that describe how natural selection works are listed in Table 1. Over time, as a new data have been gathered and reported, some changes have been made to Darwin’s original ideas about evolution by natural selection. His theory remains one of the most important ideas in the study of life science. Table 1 The principles of Natural Selection 1. Organisms produce more offspring that can survive. 2. Differences, or variations, occur among individuals of a species. 3. Variations are passed to offspring 4. Some variations are helpful, Individuals with helpful variations survive and reproduce better than those without these variations. 5. Over time, the offspring of individuals with helpful variations make up more of a population and eventually become a separate species. English text adapted taken from: National Geographic Society, Biggs, A., Daniel, L., Society, N. G., Rillero, P., Zike, D., & Ortleb, E. (2002). Glencoe Life Science. United States: McGraw-Hill. p. 157. 2. Classify the underline unknown words into Scientific words Other words 2 3. Activating prior knowledge Choose the best option a. Charles Darwin was a(an) 1. French botanist 2. Italian zoologist 3. English naturalist 4. German geologist c. 1. 2. 3. 4. 4. WORD Suited Traits Offspring Theory Hypothesis Survive Changes 5. Darwin´s theory has been modified in a modern evolutionary synthesis that is called: neo-Darwinism Darwinism Lamarckism neo-Lamarckism b. “Traits best suited” related to 1. environment 2. helpful variations 3. organisms 4. offspring d. On 2009, with relation to Darwin´s life, were celebrated 200 years of his 1. birth 2. death 3. publication of On the Origin of Species 4. beginning of the five year voyage on the Beagle Using the dictionary Find the meanings of the words (by paying attention to the context or by using the dictionary) MEANING ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Did you use the dictionary? Yes ___ No ____ Yes ___ No ____ Yes ___ No ____ Yes ___ No ____ Yes ___ No ____ Yes ___ No ____ Yes ___ No ____ Define the following words using your previous knowledge (PK) or using the context provided by the reading(C)? WORD Reproduce DEFINITION Did you use PK or C? Natural Selection Offspring Evolution 6. a. b. c. d. e. According to the text, the sentence is True or false? Why? ____ When Darwin refers to traits, this is the same as the individual characteristics. ____ An hypothesis is the same as a theory. ____ The origin of species was never published. ____ Natural selection means that organisms with traits not suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. ____ Offspring of individual with helpful variations is more than offspring without these helpful variations. 3 Appendix B: Workshop 2 PFPD RED “PROFILE” 2010 IINOVATION PROJECT SCIENCE NINTH GRADE AFTERNOON SHIFT NAME ________________________________________________________COURSE 901 Workshop 2: FINDING THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS OBJECTIVE To promote prior knowledge and dictionary use to improve reading comprehension THEME TAXONOMY ACTIVITIES 3. Read the text carefully and underline the unknown words. MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM In the late eighteenth century, Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist, developed a new system of grouping organism. His classification system was based on looking for organisms with similar structures. Today studies about fossils, hereditary information and early stages of development are used to determine an organism’s phylogeny. Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of an organism, or how it has changed over time. Today it is the basis for the classification of many organisms. A classification system commonly used today groups organisms into five kingdoms. A kingdom is the first and largest category, Kingdoms can be divided into smaller groups. The smallest classification category is a species. Organisms that belong to the same species can mate and produce fertile offspring. To understand how an organism is classified, look at the classification of the bottle-nosed dolphin: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Tursiops Tursiops truncatus 4 The classification of the bottle-nosed dolphin shows that it is in the order Cetacea. This order includes whales and porpoises. English text adapted taken from: National Geographic Society, Biggs, A., Daniel, L., Society, N. G., Rillero, P., Zike, D., & Ortleb, E. (2002). Glencoe Life Science. United States: McGraw-Hill. p. 23. 1. Classify the underline unknown words into Scientific words Other words 2. Activating prior knowledge Choose the best option a. This is not a kingdom 1. Plantae 2. Protists 3. Cordata 4. Bacteria b. 1. 2. 3. 4. Carolus Linnaeus was born in 1607 1707 1807 1907 c. Carolus Linnaeus is often called the father of 1. Genetics 2. Chemistry 3. Taxonomy 4. Zoology d. The binomial nomenclature is used for naming 1. Families 2. Species 3. Kingdom 4. Orders 3. Using the dictionary Find the meaning of the words (by paying attention to the context or by using the dictionary) WORD MEANING Classification system Fossils Phylogeny Kingdom Fertile offspring Bottle-nosed dolphin Whales _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Did you use the dictionary? Yes ___ No ____ Yes ___ No ____ Yes ___ No ____ Yes ___ No ____ Yes ___ No ____ Yes ___ No ____ Yes___ No ____ 5 4. Define the following words using your previous knowledge (PK) or using the context provided by the reading (C) WORD DEFINITION Phylogeny Did you use PK or C? Kingdom Species 5. According to the text, the sentence is True or False? Why? A. ___ Carolus Linnaeus developed a new classification system based on organisms’ structures. B. ___ Fossils are helpful to determine an organism phylogeny. C. ___ Phylogeny refers to the economical history of an organism. D. ___ The five kingdoms are bacteria, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia. E. ___ A Species is a group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring. F.___ Man and bottle-noised dolphin belong to the same class. G. ___ Whales, dolphins and porpoises belong to the same family. 6 Appendix D: Applied workshops 1 and 2 tabulation Workshop 1 Evolution: Natural Selection 1. Classifying unknown words Type of word Reported words Appropriate classification Scientific Scientists, environment, Natural 16/32 50% words selection, hypothesis, organisms, reproduce, evolution Other words Data, after, traits, likely, gathered, most, called, became, known, helpful, suited, occur, which,remains, without, called, suggests, suited, today, means, accepted, published 2. Activating prior knowledge Multiple choice questions Question Correct answer a. Charles Darwin was a(an) b. “Traits best suited” related to c. Darwin´s theory has been modified in a modern evolutionary synthesis that is called d. On 2009, with relation to Darwin´s life, were celebrated 200 years of his Correct answers total Workshop 2 Taxonomy Type of word Reported words Scientific words phylogeny, fossils, evolution kingdoms, classification system, fertile offspring, organisms, class, order, family, delphinidae, genus, species, Animalia, Tursiops truncatus development, changed, early, eighteenth, commonly, belong, understand, smaller, structures, Swedish, Other words Appropriate classification 25/36 69% % Question Correct answer % 26/32 4/32 19/32 81 13 59 a. This is not a kingdom b. Carolus Linnaeus was born in c. Carolus Linnaeus is often called the father of 30/36 21/36 27/36 83 58 75 17/32 53 21/36 58 66/128 52 d. The binomial nomenclature is used for naming Correct answers total 99/144 69 7 Workshop 1 Evolution: Natural Selection Workshop 2 Taxonomy 3. Using the dictionary Meanings Suited Correct % answers 7/32 22 Dictionary use Yes % No N. a.* 22/32 69 8 2 Traits Offspring Theory Hypothesis Survive 27/32 30/32 30/32 30/32 29/32 84 94 94 94 91 23/32 18/32 3/32 3/32 13/32 72 56 1 1 41 6 10 27 27 18 3 4 2 2 1 91 81 13/32 95/224 41 42 11 10 7 8 22 Changes 29/32 Correct answers 182/22 total 4 (*) N. a. Not answered Meanings Classification system Fossils Phylogeny Kingdom Fertile offspring Bottle-nosed dolphin Whales Correct answers total Correct % answers 25/36 69 Dictionary use % No N. a.* 19 27 2 Yes 7/36 34/36 29/36 32/36 29/36 23/36 94 81 89 81 64 9/36 14/36 9/36 10/36 17/36 25 39 25 28 47 25 19 24 23 13 2 3 3 3 6 28/36 200/25 2 78 79 7/36 73/252 19 29 15 14 6 14 33 4. Defining scientific terms Concept Reproduce Natural selection Offspring Evolution Correct % answers 21/32 8/32 14/32 17/32 60/128 (*) N. a. : Not answered 66 25 44 53 47 Previous knowledge (PK) or Context (C) use PK % C N.a. * 27 84 1 4 18 56 9 5 18 56 6 8 28 88 0 4 91/128 71 Concept Correct % answers Previous knowledge (PK) or Context (C) use PK % C N.a.* Phylogeny Kingdom Species 14/36 8/36 7/36 39 22 19 15 17 20 42 47 56 29/108 27 52/108 48 11 11 9 10 8 7 8 Workshop 1 Evolution: Natural Selection Workshop 2 Taxonomy 5. Reading comprehension True or false, why? Sentence Argued Sentence a. 2 a. Carolus Linnaeus developed a new classification system based on organisms´ structures. b. Fossils are helpful to determine an organism phylogeny. c. Phylogeny refers to the economical history of an organism. d. The five kingdoms are bacteria, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia. b. c. d. e. Correct % answers When Darwin refers to traits, this is 17/32 53 the same as the individual characteristics. An hypothesis is the same as a 10/32 31 theory. The origin of species was never 19/32 59 published. Natural selection means that 8/32 25 organisms with traits not suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Offspring of individual with 13/32 41 helpful variations is more tan offspring without these helpful variations. 67/160 42 2 5 1 1 Correct % answers 26/36 72 Argued 21/36 58 2 24/36 67 6 25/36 69 0 e. A Species is a group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring. 26/36 72 1 f. Man and bottle-nosed dolphin belong to the same class. g. Whales, dolphins and porpoises belong to the same family. 17/36 47 3 18/36 50 2 157/25 2 63 3 9 Appendix E: Applied questionnaires tabulation Questionnaires Questions Answers Options % Comments a. All classes Answer number 4/34 1. Would you like to develop activities of science in English in science classes? 12 b. Once a week 18/34 53 c. Once a month 7/34 21 d. Never 5/34 14 Students´ level of English would be better(3) To develop better understanding in both areas (2) To reinforce our bilingualism practices It would be great, we would learn more (4). It would be a reinforcement for us in the two subjects (3). More experience in relation to Science. We learn more English using it in everyday life and we will learn Science (4) We would learn more English, not only common but also scientific words (2). I find it interesting because I learn by myself. Learn about Science by using English. Because we have English classes It would be more difficult to understand Science in English if it were more often It would be a support and a reinforcement to be better students in the subject(2) We would reinforce in English and Sciences. Not always English activities Because Science is in Spanish and that makes the class easier. Because it is more difficult Because I do not understand Because I do not understand Science and English e. Other 0/34 0 10 Questions Answers Options Answer number % 2. Do you think that?... a. b. c. d. You understand English You understand Science You understand Science in English Other 4/34 17/34 9/34 4/34 12 50 26 12 a. You understand everything b. You have difficulties with some words, but you keep on reading and you find its meaning c. You have difficulties with some words and even though you keep on reading you do not find its meaning so you decide look for in a dictionary d. You have difficulty understanding despite you implement the strategies above e. Other a. It is easy, I understand scientific words and other words b. I have difficulties with scientific words although they are similar to Spanish words, I do not understand its meaning c. It is difficult because I do not understand many words in the text whether or not they are scientific, by reason of they are in English d. Other 1/34 14/34 3 41 16/34 47 2/34 6 1/34 11/34 3 32 10/34 29 10/34 29 3/34 10 3. When you face a scientific text in English, 4. Understanding scientific texts in English Comments Which? None of the above, I am not good for English I understand both but I do not have the enough practice (2) I understand both but separately, meanwhile I can learn more English Which? It is difficult for me but I try to understand Which? I understand most of the scientific words. I understand but I do not use them too much. There are science terms that are uncommon. 11 Questions Answers Options 5. To use the dictionary is a. Useful, because I choose the word 25/34 that best corresponds taking into account the context b. It is not always useful, because I 8/34 cannot always find the word that best corresponds according to the context c. Useless, because I do not always 0/34 find the meaning of the words that I look for 74 Not answered 1/34 a. I have previously worked on the 15/34 same topic in Spanish b. I have dictionary 15/34 c. Other 3/34 3 44 Not answered 3 6. Understanding and developing science workshops in English is easier when: Answer number 1/34 % Comments 23 0 44 9 Using what I learn in class is enough to solve the workshops of each subject. To develop them to understand. Sometimes I learn several things on TV and I improve my English and Science understanding 12 Appendix F: Field notes Students Number Workshop activities 1. Classifying unknown words 2. Activating prior knowledge Workshop 1 Evolution: Natural Selection 32 Students are not sure about differences between scientific words and other words. Students ask many questions. Students use their notes to answer the questions 3. Using the dictionary a. Dictionaries available and quality of them 62% (20/32) of students bring a dictionary for the activity; a leader student gets the rest of the dictionaries in other courses. Some of the dictionaries are not good enough to resolve the activity. b. Dictionaries management Students report many difficulties referred to division entries per meaning: suited=colección?, offspring=vástago? and per grammatical category: called? I can not find this!, means?, gathered?, known? changes?. Other comments: There are some meanings! I can not find the word! The word is not here! 4. Defining scientific terms Students use their notes to answer the questions (but there answers are not literal). Teacher recommends use context during the session. Students do not write arguments. Teacher recommends it. 5. Reading comprehension Workshop 2 Taxonomy 36 Students are surer about differences between scientific words and other words. Students use their notes to answer the questions; they feel more confident facing the questions. 64% (23/36) of students bring a dictionary for the activity; a leader student gets the rest of the dictionaries in other courses. More dictionaries were suitable to resolve the activity, raise awareness of the importance of a good dictionary. Students report some difficulties referred to words that they can not find in the dictionary: phylogeny? kingdom? chemistry? and per grammatical category: commonly? This time they are more focused and willing to resolve the activity in an autonomous way, using other resources as context and prior knowledge. Students use their notes to answer the questions (but there answers are not literal). Teacher recommends use context during the session. Teacher recommends writing arguments.