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Topic 2 - Biotic and Abiotic Influences on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems Biotic and Abiotic Influences on Ecosystems • Limiting Factor = any factor that limits the size of a population or where it can live • Tolerance Range = the range of abiotic conditions which a species can survive Abiotic Limiting Factors – Terrestrial • Examples of how humans affect abiotic factors in a terrestrial ecosystem: • Light – Cutting trees to expose plants underneath to more light • Water – Damming rivers decreases water available – Irrigating fields increases water available in an ecosystem • Temperature – Global warming reduces habitat for animals adapted to cold temperature • Nutrients – Adding fertilizer to soil increases available nutrients Abiotic Limiting Factors – Aquatic • Examples of how humans affect abiotic factors in an aquatic ecosystem: • Light – Stirring up sediment at the bottom of a lake decreases amount of light reaching plants • Salinity (Salt Levels) – Run-off from salting high ways in the winter increases salt concentration in rivers and lakes • Temperature – Industries release heated water into lakes and rivers killing fish and other organisms • Nutrients – Fertilizer can run-off causing algal blooms • Acidity – Burning of fossil fuels creates acid rain which makes bodies of water more acidic Biotic Limiting Factors – Species Interactions • Examples of biotic factors in ecosystems: – Competition • Organisms compete for the same limited resources: food, water, habitat, light, mates – Predation • Predator (the organism that hunts) kills and eats its prey (the organism that is attacked) • The populations of the predator and prey depend on each other (more on this topic next day…) INSERT VIDEO LINK A male lion with his cub eating a water buffalo Praying Mantis eating a grasshopper Indian python attempting to swallow a deer Lynx and a hare Biotic Limiting Factors – Species Interactions • Symbiotic Relationships between organisms: Flower provides the bee with nectar, the bee helps the flower spread its pollen Mutualism (+ and +) • Two organisms benefit from each other Orchids grow on the trunks or branches of trees to receive more light. As long as the plant is not too heavy, the tree is not affected. Commensalism (+ and 0) • One organism benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed Parasitism (+ and -) • One individual lives on or in a host organism and feeds on it The cowbird lays their eggs in the nests of other birds (like the reed warbler). The reed warbler mother must spend more time feeding the larger and more demanding cowbird Mutualism (+ and +) Stinging anemone tentacles provide the clownfish with protection from predators. The clownfish defend anemones against butterflyfish which eat the anemones. Bacteria live in the nodules of legumes (ex. soybeans) and provide nitrogen for the plant. The plant provides sugars for the bacteria. Cleaner wrasses and whale shark Red-billed oxpecker and the Impala Egyptian Plover and Nile crocodile Cow (or other ungulates) and E.coli bacteria Commensalism (+ and 0) Shark and a remora fish Ramora gets free ride + food Buffalo and Cattle Egrets Whales and barnacles Parasitism (+ and -) • Parasite receives nourishment from host – Parasites don’t normally kill host but the host is harmed A roundworm inside a person’s eye… EWWW!!! Numerous roundworms from the bowel of a dog post-surgery…. DOUBLE EWWW!! Bed bugs… inside a mattress… do you see the bed bug fecal matter?!? EW! Caribbean soldierfish host to a parasitic isopod, which feeds on its body tissues Human head lice feeds on blood from the scalp