Download S1 Final Exam Review European History 9

USS 9
Semester One Exam
2005-2006
Physical Anthropology
Physical Anthropology—the study of physical evolution of humans
Cultural Anthropology—the study of human social development
Monotheistic—the worship of one god
Polytheistic—the worship of more than one god
Religion—a person’s spiritual beliefs; usually the supernatural
Nomadic—a person with no permanent home; moves from place to place
Sedentary—not moving; settled in one place
Ethnocentrism—the belief that one’s own culture is superior to all others
Adapt—to change in order to better fit into your surroundings
Paleolithic—“Old Stone Age” beginning about 1,300,000 years ago when stone was used to
make tools, herding and hunting is common
Neolithic—“New Stone Age” about 10,000 years ago when farming, herding and metal tools
were developed
Melanin—color-making chemical that turns the skin dark (melanin reacts with the sun to
produce vitamin D)
Gender—social construction of sex
Sex—male or female (biological)
Monogomous—having only one wife
Polygamous—having more than one wife
Indigenous—native to an area (live in an area)
Taboo—forbidden behaviors
Mutation—sudden change in a gene or chromosome; mutations survive if they are helpful to a
species
Culture—way of living, beliefs, customs, traditions people follow
Kin—family
Stereotype—fixed ideas about someone or something
Theory of Acquired Characteristics—argued that as an organism adapts to its environment it
passes the adaptation on to its offspring (Jean Lamarck founder)
Theory of Evolution—argues that humans have adapted over time to their environment
All living things might share some common ancestors
 Charles Darwin—founder of Theory of Evolution; wrote Origin of Species in 1859;
proposed the idea of survival of the fittest
 Natural selection—explained the many varieties of plants and animals
Tools Anthropologists use to support the Theory of Evolution:
 Fossil record
 Artifacts—tools made by humans
Hominids—known to be the earliest ancestors to man; Lucy found in Africa
Creationist theory—belief that the world was created by a supreme being and humans were put on
Earth as they are today
Cultural Anthropology
Matrilineal—believe in lineage passed along the side of the woman’s family
Patrilineal—believe in lineage passed along the side of the man’s family
Rites of passage—events/ceremonies that you need to pass through in order to reach another
stage of your life
Cultural contact—interactions that happen between two cultures (eq: the 1st Thanksgiving when
the pilgrims and Indians met)
What is the role of a cultural anthropologist?
Hopi (Native Americans)
 Live in southwest USA
 Matrilineal society
 Women make baskets and grind corn—own everything
 Men hunt, farm, and weave—own only their ceremonial robes


Believe in communal property
Traditional vs. modern ways—now live on reservations, fewer farm, reservations are
similar to small towns, Hopi now work at a variety of jobs on reservations and off
Inuit (Eskimo)
 Live mostly in Arctic & Canada
 Eat mostly fish
 Traditionally used dog sleds for transportation
 Women prepare lamp, keep lit, cook, sew, prepare hides, raise children, collect berries
 Men hunt, light lamp, build igloos
 Believe in communal property
 Rites of passage (women need to collect a certain amount of berries)
Nanook (documentary)
 Robert Flaherty film maker
 Showed Inuits in stereotypical ways—many scenes were staged for the movie
 Shown to Inuits 20 years later and they thought it was humerous because it was so
inaccurate
!Kung





Live in Kalahari Desert in Africa
Women gather food (provide 80% of food supply)
Men hunt
Believe in communal property
Rites of passage – boys pass into manhood by killing a large animal (first kill ritual)
--girls gather food independently
India


Himilayas—mountain range that separates India from China
Ganges River—the holy river of the Hindus; runs through northeast India; make land
fertile
 Indus River—Indian civilization began in the Indus River valley & it floods every year;
make land fertile
Caste System: Hindu system of dividing people into social groups/classes
 Not legal
 Caste strongest in villages
 Castes (from highest to lowest)
1. Priests
Brahmins
2. Rulers, Warriors
Khastriyas
3. Farmers, Artisans (Craftsmen)
Vaisyas
4. Servants, Slaves
Shudras
5. Outcasts, Harijans
Untouchables
*Untouchables are not really in the caste system; so low that they are not
included
Hinduism
 Primary religion of India
 80% of Indians are Hindu
 Democratic society





Reincarnation = when a person dies, their soul is reborn in another form
Karma = the belief in cause and effect; person’s behavior in this life determines the
cast he/she is born into in the next life
Dharma = “right behavior”; set of rules one should follow in order to be promoted in
your next life
Moksha = final state of salvation from the life-death cycle
Ahimsa = non-violence towards all living things
Mahatma Gandhi
 Indian who led movement for India’s independence from Britain 1947
 Used passive resistance, non-violent method of protest, to protest British control of India
(sit-ins, non-payment of taxes, boycotts)
 Supported equal rights for the Untouchables

Dowry = a payment a woman’s parents must make to the groom’s family for accepting
their daughter into their family
 Infanticide = the Indian practice of killing baby girls because they are valued less than
boys and parents are unable to pay dowries expected at marriage
Sacred animal in India = cow
India’s economy
 Major reason for change is the government lifting controls held over businesses
 Globalization—change in world economy for companies to look at the global market to
run their businesses more cost effectively rather than just their local market
 Outsourcing—jobs that originally exist in one country are moving overseas due to
cheaper costs
Islam
Islam—refers to an individual’s submission to the will of God; second largest religion in the
world
Muslim—describes any person who accepts the teachings and beliefs of Islam
Arab—people who live on the Arabian Peninsula (between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf)
Shi’a (Shiite)—10% of Muslim followers who believe that authority was passed down through a
descendent Prophet Muhammed
Sunni—90% of Muslim followers who believe that their ruler/caliph should be elected by the
people
Kaaba/Ka’bah—Islam’s holiest shrine; in Mecca; built by Prophet Abraham before the time of
Muhammed
Muhammed—Born in 570 CE in Mecca; 610 CE received a visit from the Angel Gabriel and
was told that he was the final messenger of God; migrated to Medina because of persecution for
his Mulsim beliefs; later came back to Mecca to regain Muslim control in the Ka’bah and restore
Islam to Mecca
Mosque—Muslim holy place of worship
Koran/Qur’an—Muslim holy book; word of God ; written in Arabic
Allah—Muslim god
Mecca—Islam’s holy city & location of Ka’bah; birthplace of Prophet Muhammed; Muhammed
and followers reclaimed Mecca as a holy city in 629 CE
Imam—religious leaders in the Muslim community
Muezzin—a person that call’s Muslim worshippers to pray
Five Pillars of Islam
 Shahada—profession of faith to Allah
 Salaat—daily prayer (5 times/day)
 Zakaat—charity/almsgiving
 Hajj—pilgrimmage to Mecca
 Ramadan--fasting
Fundamentalism—belief in the absolute truth of their own religions holy writings
Islam fundamentalists—believe in the Islamic body of law known as the sharia
Bedouin—nomads of the desert; usually Arabs
Sharia—regulates societal and personal affairs; based on Koran & Sunnah of Muhammed; used
by scholars to deliberate and decide questions and issues of a legal nature; usually very strict
Jihad—holy war; to strive to better one’s self
Women in Islam
--Sharia Law often leads to discrimination toward women
Islam in the United States—about 6 million Muslims in America
Nation of Islam—Muslim sect in US that combines Islam & Black Nationalism
Indonesia—the biggest predominantly Muslim country
See attached Venn diagrams for comparisons of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam