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USS 9 Semester One Exam 2005-2006 Physical Anthropology Physical Anthropology—the study of physical evolution of humans Cultural Anthropology—the study of human social development Monotheistic—the worship of one god Polytheistic—the worship of more than one god Religion—a person’s spiritual beliefs; usually the supernatural Nomadic—a person with no permanent home; moves from place to place Sedentary—not moving; settled in one place Ethnocentrism—the belief that one’s own culture is superior to all others Adapt—to change in order to better fit into your surroundings Paleolithic—“Old Stone Age” beginning about 1,300,000 years ago when stone was used to make tools, herding and hunting is common Neolithic—“New Stone Age” about 10,000 years ago when farming, herding and metal tools were developed Melanin—color-making chemical that turns the skin dark (melanin reacts with the sun to produce vitamin D) Gender—social construction of sex Sex—male or female (biological) Monogomous—having only one wife Polygamous—having more than one wife Indigenous—native to an area (live in an area) Taboo—forbidden behaviors Mutation—sudden change in a gene or chromosome; mutations survive if they are helpful to a species Culture—way of living, beliefs, customs, traditions people follow Kin—family Stereotype—fixed ideas about someone or something Theory of Acquired Characteristics—argued that as an organism adapts to its environment it passes the adaptation on to its offspring (Jean Lamarck founder) Theory of Evolution—argues that humans have adapted over time to their environment All living things might share some common ancestors Charles Darwin—founder of Theory of Evolution; wrote Origin of Species in 1859; proposed the idea of survival of the fittest Natural selection—explained the many varieties of plants and animals Tools Anthropologists use to support the Theory of Evolution: Fossil record Artifacts—tools made by humans Hominids—known to be the earliest ancestors to man; Lucy found in Africa Creationist theory—belief that the world was created by a supreme being and humans were put on Earth as they are today Cultural Anthropology Matrilineal—believe in lineage passed along the side of the woman’s family Patrilineal—believe in lineage passed along the side of the man’s family Rites of passage—events/ceremonies that you need to pass through in order to reach another stage of your life Cultural contact—interactions that happen between two cultures (eq: the 1st Thanksgiving when the pilgrims and Indians met) What is the role of a cultural anthropologist? Hopi (Native Americans) Live in southwest USA Matrilineal society Women make baskets and grind corn—own everything Men hunt, farm, and weave—own only their ceremonial robes Believe in communal property Traditional vs. modern ways—now live on reservations, fewer farm, reservations are similar to small towns, Hopi now work at a variety of jobs on reservations and off Inuit (Eskimo) Live mostly in Arctic & Canada Eat mostly fish Traditionally used dog sleds for transportation Women prepare lamp, keep lit, cook, sew, prepare hides, raise children, collect berries Men hunt, light lamp, build igloos Believe in communal property Rites of passage (women need to collect a certain amount of berries) Nanook (documentary) Robert Flaherty film maker Showed Inuits in stereotypical ways—many scenes were staged for the movie Shown to Inuits 20 years later and they thought it was humerous because it was so inaccurate !Kung Live in Kalahari Desert in Africa Women gather food (provide 80% of food supply) Men hunt Believe in communal property Rites of passage – boys pass into manhood by killing a large animal (first kill ritual) --girls gather food independently India Himilayas—mountain range that separates India from China Ganges River—the holy river of the Hindus; runs through northeast India; make land fertile Indus River—Indian civilization began in the Indus River valley & it floods every year; make land fertile Caste System: Hindu system of dividing people into social groups/classes Not legal Caste strongest in villages Castes (from highest to lowest) 1. Priests Brahmins 2. Rulers, Warriors Khastriyas 3. Farmers, Artisans (Craftsmen) Vaisyas 4. Servants, Slaves Shudras 5. Outcasts, Harijans Untouchables *Untouchables are not really in the caste system; so low that they are not included Hinduism Primary religion of India 80% of Indians are Hindu Democratic society Reincarnation = when a person dies, their soul is reborn in another form Karma = the belief in cause and effect; person’s behavior in this life determines the cast he/she is born into in the next life Dharma = “right behavior”; set of rules one should follow in order to be promoted in your next life Moksha = final state of salvation from the life-death cycle Ahimsa = non-violence towards all living things Mahatma Gandhi Indian who led movement for India’s independence from Britain 1947 Used passive resistance, non-violent method of protest, to protest British control of India (sit-ins, non-payment of taxes, boycotts) Supported equal rights for the Untouchables Dowry = a payment a woman’s parents must make to the groom’s family for accepting their daughter into their family Infanticide = the Indian practice of killing baby girls because they are valued less than boys and parents are unable to pay dowries expected at marriage Sacred animal in India = cow India’s economy Major reason for change is the government lifting controls held over businesses Globalization—change in world economy for companies to look at the global market to run their businesses more cost effectively rather than just their local market Outsourcing—jobs that originally exist in one country are moving overseas due to cheaper costs Islam Islam—refers to an individual’s submission to the will of God; second largest religion in the world Muslim—describes any person who accepts the teachings and beliefs of Islam Arab—people who live on the Arabian Peninsula (between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf) Shi’a (Shiite)—10% of Muslim followers who believe that authority was passed down through a descendent Prophet Muhammed Sunni—90% of Muslim followers who believe that their ruler/caliph should be elected by the people Kaaba/Ka’bah—Islam’s holiest shrine; in Mecca; built by Prophet Abraham before the time of Muhammed Muhammed—Born in 570 CE in Mecca; 610 CE received a visit from the Angel Gabriel and was told that he was the final messenger of God; migrated to Medina because of persecution for his Mulsim beliefs; later came back to Mecca to regain Muslim control in the Ka’bah and restore Islam to Mecca Mosque—Muslim holy place of worship Koran/Qur’an—Muslim holy book; word of God ; written in Arabic Allah—Muslim god Mecca—Islam’s holy city & location of Ka’bah; birthplace of Prophet Muhammed; Muhammed and followers reclaimed Mecca as a holy city in 629 CE Imam—religious leaders in the Muslim community Muezzin—a person that call’s Muslim worshippers to pray Five Pillars of Islam Shahada—profession of faith to Allah Salaat—daily prayer (5 times/day) Zakaat—charity/almsgiving Hajj—pilgrimmage to Mecca Ramadan--fasting Fundamentalism—belief in the absolute truth of their own religions holy writings Islam fundamentalists—believe in the Islamic body of law known as the sharia Bedouin—nomads of the desert; usually Arabs Sharia—regulates societal and personal affairs; based on Koran & Sunnah of Muhammed; used by scholars to deliberate and decide questions and issues of a legal nature; usually very strict Jihad—holy war; to strive to better one’s self Women in Islam --Sharia Law often leads to discrimination toward women Islam in the United States—about 6 million Muslims in America Nation of Islam—Muslim sect in US that combines Islam & Black Nationalism Indonesia—the biggest predominantly Muslim country See attached Venn diagrams for comparisons of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam