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End Of Course Biology Questions
1. In a test of fertilizers for strawberries what
might be a source of experimental error?
2. In stable freshwater environments populations of Daphnia are
almost entirely female and reproduce asexually. In low oxygen
environments males are present. Based on this, researchers
have suggested males only appear when conditions are
unfavorable. This suggestion is an example of a….
3. Computer models are very good for learning about mitosis,
but looking through a microscope at the real thing will do what?
4. After a volcanic eruption has covered an area
with lava, what is the most likely order of succession
in the repopulation of the area?
5. After Mt. St. Helens erupted the mountain plant
community slowly returned. What would have been
the logical succession it followed?
6. How did Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray diffraction
of DNA affect the work of Watson and Crick?
7. Which information was most important to the
development of genetic engineering techniques?
8. The cell membrane of a blood cell will let sugar,
salt, and water pass in and out of the cell, while
blocking other substances because it is what?
9. What causes tomatoes to ripen much more slowly in a
refrigerator than they do if left on a table at room temperature?
10. Of all the enzymes in the cytoplasm of a cell how is a
specific enzyme able to catalyze a specific reaction?
11. Some snake venoms are harmful because they contain
enzymes that destroy blood cells or tissues. The damage caused
by such a snakebite could best be lowered by doing what?
12. Plant cells are differentiated from animal cells because
plants cells have what organelles that animal cells do not?
13. Eukaryotic cells are differentiated from prokaryotic
cells because eukaryotic cells have what?
14. Which cell organelle is responsible for
packaging proteins the cell secretes?
15. Which molecule in plants cells captures
the radiant energy from sunlight?
16. The first stage of photosynthesis in a chloroplast is what?
17. A cell from heart muscle would probably have
a unusually high proportion of what organelle?
18. In aerobic respiration, the Kreb’s cycle
(citric acid cycle) takes place where?
19. What process occurring in the sex organs of plants and
animals reduces the diploid number of chromosomes to haploid?
20. Which of the following best describes meiosis?
21. If a corn plant has a genotype of Ttyy, what are
the possible genetic combinations that could be present
in a single grain of pollen from this plant?
22. What is it called when homologous chromosomes
exchange segments during prophase I of meiosis I?
23. What sequence of chromosome number during fertilization?
24. Which of the following is the best explanation for why
the chromosome number for all organisms is even?
25. In fruit flies, the gene for red eyes (R) is dominant and the
gene for sepia eyes (r) is recessive. What are the possible
combinations of genes in the offspring of two red-eyes
heterozygous flies (Rr)? Make a Punnett square is necessary.
26. In certain dogs deafness isdue to a recessive allele (d) and
normal hearing is dominant (D). If a Htz nomal dog (Dd) is bred
with a Hmz recessive dog (dd) what percentage of the offspring
would be expected to be deaf? Make a Punnett square if needed.
27. A male cat is BbSs (Black-Short fur)
and a female cat is bbSS (White-Short fur).
“s” is the recessive long fur allele.
“b” is rec for white fur.
What can be said about the phenotypes
of the offspring from these two parents?
28. If a human baby boy inherits a recessive allele from
his mother, in which circumstance would he most likely
show the trait coded for by the recessive allele?
29. Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells have only one
factor for each inherited trait. This hypothesis is supported by
the observation that ____ cells are produced by _____.
30. Each amino acid in a protein is coded for by
_____ base pairs, thus a protein that is 4 amino acids
long would need ____ base pairs to code for it.
31. 5’ ATCAGCGCTGGC 3”
The above segment of DNA is part of a gene.
How many amino acids does it code for?
32. A scientist puts nucleotide chains of UUUUUU in a test tube
with different amino acids and ribosomes. Soon the test tube
is full of polypeptide chains composed only of the amino acid
phenylalanine. What does this experiment indicate?
33. Which of these would most likely cause a mutation?
34. The human disease sickle cell anemia is caused by
a change in one codon in a gene from GAA to GUA.
This disease is the result of what natural process?
35. Although there are a limited number of amino acids, many
different types of proteins exist because of what factors?
36. The clear protein of an egg white becomes opaque and
firm when cooked because the heat does what to the protein?
37. Which of the following base pair sequences
could be produced in DNA replication?
A. 5’ AGTCUT 3’
3’ TCUGTA 5’
B. 5’ AGTCAT 3’
3’ TCAGTA 5’
C. 5’ AGTCAT 3’
3’ CTGACG 5’
D. 5’ AGTCAT 3’
3’ UCAGUA 5’
38.
5’ GTA_ _ _AA 3’
3’ CATGCATT 5’
This piece of DNA has undergone a mutation in which
nucleotides have been deleted. A repair enzyme would
replace them with what nucleotide sequence?
39. A base sequence is shown below.
ACAGTGC
How would the base sequence be coded on mRNA?
40. The bacterium agrobacterium tumefaciens infects
plants, and a portion of its DNA is inserted into the plant’s
chromosomes. This causes the plant to manufacture
amino acids that the bacterium uses as food. This process
is a natural example of what genetic phenomenon?
41. Genetic engineering has produced goats whose
milk contains proteins that can be used as medicines.
This effect was produced by what means?
42. Scientists found that, over a period of 200 years, a
mountain pond was transformed into a meadow.
During that time, several communities of organisms were
replaced by other organisms. What circumstance best explains
why new communities were able to replace older communities?
43. In a pond, the primary producer is Spirogyra, an algae;
the primary consumer is Daphnia,a crustacean; the
secondary consumer is the bluegill fish; and the tertiary
consumer is smallmouth bass. What could be expected
is the Daphnia were killed by pesticides?
44. Rabbits introduced to Australia over 100 years ago
have become a serious pest to farmers. The rabbits even
displaced many of the native herbivores. What is the most
logical explanation for their increased numbers?
45. Complete burning of plant material returns
carbon primarily to what sphere of the Earth?
46. If the birth rate steadily goes up in a population
and the death rate steadily declines, what will happen
to the overall size of the population?
47. Describe an energy pyramid and list four organisms
in the order they would appear on the pyramid.
48. Rabbit coat color alleles / phenotypes
C = Dark
cch = Light Grey
ch = Himalayan c = Albino
Himalayan or albino rabbits are most susceptible to predators.
Which genotype of the following is least likely to survive?
49. what environmental or genetic influences would have the
least effect on natural selection in a subspecies of giraffes that
is geographically isolated from other subspecies of giraffes?
50. In pigeons there is a rare inherited disease that causes
death before hatching. In order for this disease to be
passed on there must be parent birds that have genotype?
51. A healthy individual is a carrier of a lethal
allele but is unaffected by it. What is the probable
genotype of this individual?
52. Mutations within a DNA sequence are known as what?
53. Describe a scenario that explains natural selection?
54. A finch species has been studied on one of the small
Galapagos Islands for many years. The lineage of every bird
has been catalogued and family trees produced. Some family
groups have survived, while others have died out.
The groups that survived probably have what in common?
55. What best explains why life on Earth continues after
major catastrophes such as massive meteor strikes?
56. A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat
that undergoes no changes for a long time. How will
genetic drift probably affect this population?
57. A small portion of a population that is geographically isolated
from the rest of the population runs the risk of decreased what?
58. A single species of squirrels evolved over time into
two species, each on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon.
This change was most likely due to what natural factor?
59. Fossil evidence suggests that a number of members
of the fish species from an ancient lake in Death Valley,
California, became several isolated species.
Each of these new species lived in a different pond.
What is the best explanation for this speciation?
60. Ribosomes produce what product?
61. If a paleontologist finds fossils of many different
species existing in the same area at approximately
the same time, the paleontologist can conclude that
the ecosystem in this area had a high degree of what?
62. In order for the body to maintain homeostasis
the chemical decomposition of food to produce
energy must be followed by what process?
63. CO2 is produced when glucose is broken down
during cellular respiration. Which TWO systems
combine to remove CO2 from the body?
64. The respiratory system relies on the
nervous system for signals to do what?
65. Striking the tendon below the kneecap causes the
leg to jerk. You blink when a person claps in your face.
These are examples of what body function?
66. The fight-or-flight response includes greater heart
outputand a rise in blood pressure. This response is
due to what body functions/reactions/change?
67. What organ secretes a hormone that
regulates the rate of metabolism of the body?
68. What is the primary function of the nervous system?
69. A signal that the bladder is full is sent to
the central nervous system by what means?
70. What is the greatest danger to a patient
who has had damage to the skin?
71. The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio
viruses. Vaccinated individuals become protected against polio
because the weakened viruses do what to the injected patient?
72. Injecting a person with a killed-bacteria vaccine can
protect that individual from disease because the proteins
of the killed bacteria do what to the injected patient?
73. What type of pathogen requires a host because
they can not make proteins or reproduce on their own?
74. How do human diseases caused by bacteria and
human diseases caused by viruses react to antibiotics?
75. Individuals with HIV sometimes contract a rare form of
pneumonia because people with HIV have what problem?