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Ancient Rome
From Beginnings, to Republic, to
Empire
Romulus & Remus
• Romulus and Remus
argue over where to
build the city
– Palentine Hill or
Aventine Hill
• Look for omen from
the gods
– Vultures.
• Romulus kills Remus
– Becomes the first king
of Rome
Romulus and Remus
• The story of Romulus and Remus
describes the mythical founding of the city
of Rome.
• The story emphasizes strength, honor and
sacrifice.
Romulus & Remus
• Lasting influence on
Roman culture
Roma! Roma!
Location of Rome
•
Rome’s location offered 3
advantages.
1. Rome was built on several
hills, so it was difficult for
enemies to attack.
2. The Tiber River allowed
food and goods of inland
countries to be brought to
Rome.
3. The Mediterranean Sea is
only 15 miles away, so
Rome is near enough to
the sea for trade, but not
too near danger from
enemy ships.
Early Roman influences…
• The city of Rome was founded by the
Latins who settled near the Tiber River.
Over time the Romans borrowed many
ideas and skills from their neighbors.
• Etruscan Influence: Engineering and
building techniques and sports such as
gladiator contests
• Greek Influence: Roman culture such as
art, architecture, writing, art and mythology
Etruscans
& Greeks
• Influences
on Latium
Patricians and Plebeians
in Early Rome (ruled by the Etruscans)
• Patricians: Upper-class citizens, comes from
the Latin word patres meaning father.
Patricians controlled the most valuable land
and held the most important military and
religious offices
Plebeians
• Plebeians: Lower-class citizens such as peasants,
shopkeepers, laborers & craftspeople. Plebs: means
many in Latin. 95% of the population, they could not
be priests or government officials. They had little
participation in government yet still had to serve in the
army.
Need for Change
The common people of Rome were very angry over harsh
treatment by the rich and powerful people of Rome, so they
had moved out of the city. The leaders knew that their city was
in serious danger unless the common people returned. So
they agreed to give the people more rights. This struggle
between the Roman leaders and the common people
continued for 200 years as the common people of Rome tried
to gain equal rights.
Republic!
• When the last Etruscan king
was thrown out of Rome in
509 B.C.,
• In place of a King they created
a REPUBLIC: In a republic
elected officials work for the
interests of the people (In
this case the patricians
themselves!)
• In Rome, the leaders chosen
to replace the king were called
consuls.
Organization
of Republic
• Consuls were elected by a group of ordinary citizens known
as an assembly, and the consuls were given advice by a
group of rich people known as the Senate.
• Although the citizens elected their own representatives, the
Roman Republic was not a democracy because not every
citizen had equal power. Citizens were divided into two
classes, patricians and plebeians.
• A Roman was born into their class.
Early Roman
Republic
• Most power went to the
hands of the Senate
• Senate: 300 men that the
patricians elected, they
served for life and
appointed government
officials and judges
• Consuls: Two of these
elected leaders shared
command of the army, the
Senate advised the
consuls
• The Senate’s decisions were
treated as law
• Only patricians could
participate in government…
Unfair Treatment
• Only Patricians could
become consuls or senators
and Plebeians had to obey
their decisions
• Laws were NOT written
down which allowed the
Patricians to interpret them
to benefit themselves
• As a result several families
of Rome held ALL the
power…
Plebian Revolt
• Over time Plebeians began to demand
more political rights
• This struggle is known as the Conflict of
the Orders or conflict between the classes
• The conflict grew especially heated during
time of war because Plebeians had to fight
even though Patricians decided whether or
not to go to war…Plebeians resented this!
Revolt cont.
• 494 B.C. Angry over their lack of power all
Plebeians marched out of the city and camped
on a nearby hill…they refused to come back until
the Patricians met their demands.
• By this time the population of Rome had grown
to approximately 40,000 people most of whom
were Plebeians…the city and surrounding farms
grind to a halt
• Rome was in crisis…without the Plebeians the
city was all but defenseless too!
Political Equality for Plebeians
• A MAJOR CHANGE in
Roman Government
occurs as a result!
• Tribunes of the Plebs:
elected officials of the
plebeians
• Tribunes: later gain veto
power
• Council of Plebs:
Lawmaking body, made
laws for Plebs only!
Plebian Advancements
• Plebeians demand
that laws get written
down…The result is
the Twelve Tables
• Twelve Tables:
Example of
the 12
Tables:
Table XI
• Table XI.
• 1. Marriages
should not take
place between
plebeians and
patricians.
12 Tables
•
•
Publishing of the Law of the Twelve Tablets in Rome, circa 442 B.C
Note the tools in the plebs hands
Roman
Expansion
Italian peninsula,
Punic Wars
Early
Expansion
• 338 B.C.Rome
started to
expand
into
Latium
and
Etruria.
•By 275
B.C.,
Rome
ruled the
Italian
peninsula.
System of Alliances
• Instead of punishing the conquered
people, Rome made them allies.
– They had to fight for Rome in the future, but
they were promised protection, and spoils of
any future wars.
– Even granted conquered people citizenship.
Mighty Carthage
• Carthage – major western Mediterranean
power at the time.
The Punic Wars
• Carthage and Rome become fierce rivals.
– 200’s B.C. - Rome fights Carthage over
control of Sicily.
• Start of the 1st Punic War
– Punici – Latin for “people of Carthage”
1st Punic War (264 – 241 B.C.)
• Roman Navy invents
the “crow” or corvus
– Plank with hooks that
would drop down
serving as a bridge to
board other ships
• Rome better withstood
huge losses during
the war because of
their loyal Allies.
– Rome takes Sicily
(Mediterranean
expansion)
2nd Punic War
(219 - 201 B.C.)
• Carthage rebounded
by taking Roman
allies in Spain - Rome
declares war.
• Carthaginian General
Hannibal decides to
invade Italy
– March from Spain to
Italy with 60,000
soldiers, 6,000 horses
and 37 elephants.
Hannibal crossing the Alps during the Winter of 218 B.C.
•
After nine days' climb Hannibal's army reached the snow-covered summit of the pass over the Alps--all the
time being attacked by mountain tribes.
•
However, when the enemy attacked the army , the elephants were of great use to the Carthaginians. The
enemy was so terrified of the animals' strange appearance that they dared not come anywhere near them."
Hannibal's March to Italy
• Hannibal crushed the Romans in Italy.
– Hannibal remembered throughout Roman history.
Hannibal Meets His Match
• Roman
General
Scipio
makes a
secret pact
with
Carthage’s
ally,
Numidia.
• Attacks
Carthage
while
Hannibal
is still in
Italy.
Hannibal returns to Carthage to meet Scipio at Zama.
Scipio Africanus
• Scipio Wins at Zama
– For his victory, he was given a
surname:
• Africanus, for his glorious
conquest of Carthage
• Carthage paid Rome huge
sums. It gave up all its
territories to Rome including
the large supplies of copper,
tin, lead, gold and iron in
Iberia, ( Spain).
• Rome now controlled the
western Mediterranean.
Roman Aqueducts
Aqueducts
•
•
The full aqueduct had a gradient of 34 cm/km (1/3000), descending only 17 m vertically in its
entire length and delivering 20,000 cubic meters (44 million gallons) of water daily.
New York 8 million people, consume 1 billion gallons a day
Rome consumed1.5 Billion gallons of water per day.
Roman Forum
The Coliseum
• Built by Vespasian,
opened by Titus in 80
AD.
• Called amphitheatrum
Caesareum or
Caesar's
Amphitheatre.
• Named Coliseum in
the Middle Ages from
the colossal (120 ft)
statue of Nero outside.
Home of the Gladiators
•Gladiators were slaves who would fight each
other to the death
Types of Battle in
the Coliseum
•In early days, they
flooded the arena for
naval battles called
naumachiae.
• Emperors fed
Christians to
lions, or an
armed gladiator
would try to kill
the beasts.
What Gladiators would have seen
walking into the Coliseum
Inside the Coliseum