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Space and Technology 6th Grade Science Astronomy • ___________ - The branch of science that Astronomy deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole. The study of space and all of the objects in it. • _____________ Patterns in the sky - seasons, phases of the moon, and the rising and setting of the sun each day. • Certain sets of _____ stars were expected to appear in specific seasons. Eclipses Solar eclipse • ___________ - occurs when the Moon blocks the Sun’s light . Lunar eclipse • ___________ - occurs when Earth casts a shadow on the Moon • Ancient cultures made predictions based on the careful observations and records of the Sun Moon movement of the ______ and _________ Astronomy Tools • Early Tools – Europe and Middle East (200 B.C. to 1700 A.D) astrolabe - a star map drawn on a metal plate. • __________ –Moveable parts that allowed a viewer to measure an angle between the ________ horizon and a ______ or ______ star planet –Other plates could be adjusted to show what the sky would look like at a particular time or place. Early tools continued astrolabe • By 1700’s the ________ had been replaced by the ________ - measures the ______ between sextant angle horizon Point in the sky the ________ and a ____________ • _________________ - Italian scientist that the Galileo Galilei telescope first person to use a _________ to study astronomy (he did not invent the telescope) _______. telescope - gathers light to magnify far away • ________ objects in the sky. Galileo Galilei’s Discoveries • Galileo discovered that moon Mountains sun – the _____has _________and that the ____spins. – ______ Venus has phases like the ______ moon – _________ has four _______ Jupiter moons that orbit around it. Earth and other planets revolve around the sun – ______ ___ – Many other scientists disputed Galileo’s findings. Most of his colleagues believed that the Earth was the center of the universe Isaac Newton Reflecting telescope • Newton developed the _________________ • Earlier telescopes used ______ to focus light lenses magnify distant objects and ______ Curved mirror - this • Newton’s telescope used a __________ advancement allowed objects that were dimmer and further away to be seen in sharper detail. Modern Telescopes light and ___________ concentrate • Telescopes gather ____ it • _____________ tie the record as the _______ Keck I and Keck II largest telescopes in the world – the mirrors in these horizon pieces that telescopes are made up of _____ work together as a system to gather __________ (light we see from the sun and Visible light stars) and __________ Infrared light (electromagnetic radiation that we cannot see) Radio Telescopes Radio waves • Radio telescopes are used to detect ________ • The radio telescope looks more like a Satellite _______ dish Bowl-shaped dish that • Radio telescopes have a _____________ collects and focuses radio waves given off by distant objects in space (instead of lenses and mirrors). • Some telescopes are launched into space because conditions are ______ and ______ clear dark Stars Stars - gigantic balls of very hot gases that give • ____ off electromagnetic radiation. sun is a ____ star - medium sized compared • The ____ to some others in space • The sun gives off an enormous amount of _______ and _______ light thermal (heat) energy. • The energy that the sun emits is a result of _______ reactions between _____ helium and _______ hydrogen gases Sun’s energy core of the sun the _______ nuclei • Inside of the ___ of hydrogen atoms collide and fuse together to _______ form a new nucleus and a new element helium _____. • When this reaction happens – large amounts energy of _______ are released causing the sun to _____ shine • Many different ______ and ______ of stars sizes colors Stars Continued • The _____ is the closest ____to the _____ sun star Earth • The _________ stars are the stars that give off brightest energy the most _______. • A star’s _______, __________, and _________ size temperature distance from the Earth determines how bright a star appears to us. Sirius - the brightest star in the night sky • _____ – ________ closest star to Earth –larger, hotter, and ninth more than 20 times as bright as the sun. Color and Heat hot • A star’s color tells you how _____ it is. • The coolest stars are ____ red (example Barnard’s star - _______) 2250 C Red and yellow stars are moderately hot • __________ (example: the sun has a temperature of ______) 5500 C • The hottest stars are _______ and _________ white Blue-white Sun Fiery ball gases and no • Sun is a _________ of hot _____ Hard surfaces __________ layers • The sun has ______ photosphere - the layer of sun that gives off • _________ light energy that we can see. chromosphere - the layer above the • __________ photosphere corona - outermost layer • ______ Sunspots Galileo • ________ noticed dark spots moving along the face of the sun – he concluded from that rotating observation that the sun must be _______. • _______ sunspots - dark moving spots in the ________ photosphere – Sunspots look darker than other parts of the sun hot because they are not as ____ – Sunspots travel along the ____ face of the sun because the sun rotates more slowly at its ______ poles than its equator ____________ Solar Eruptions prominences • Blazing gases called _________from the __________ chromosphere may reach the ______ corona prominences • ____________ (ribbons of glowing gases) may appear and the disappear in a few days or months • _________ - chromosphere erupts like a Solar Flare volcano – spews out huge amounts of _______________, ______, and neutrons _______ Electromagnetic waves protons Solar Eclipse • __________ Solar Eclipses - when the Moon blocks the light of the sun • The ______ makes two types of _______ moon shadows on the Earth during an eclipse umbra - darker, inner part of an eclipse shadow – _______ penumbra - lighter, outer part of an eclipse – _________ shadow __________ passes over an area and Total Eclipse - the _______ umbra the sun is completely blocked for several minutes Solar Eclipse Continued Total solar eclipse • During a _____________ - the sky darkens and stars can be seen in daytime • The moon’s shadow is small so that only a small part of Earth experiences a total eclipse. Partial eclipse - the • Nearby areas experience a _________ _______ penumbra passes over or the _______ umbra completely misses Earth Light years Solar eruptions can • The waves caused by __________ interrupt radio communication and cause damage to electrical systems • _____from the _____ takes only ________ Light sun 8 minutes to Earth reach _____ • _______ Light Year distance light travels in one year Alpha Centauri - 4 light years away from Earth – • ___________ light we see from the star was made 4 yrs ago star – a huge, hot glowing ball of gas ____ • ______ nebula - new stars form in a cloud of gas and dust • Particles of gas and dust churn around and are gravity until the clump of pulled together by _______ ball - the star continues to particles becomes a ____ grow as more and more particles are pulled in by Nuclear fusion two nuclei join together gravity - __________• As the particles are pulled in the temperature rise begins to ____ Stars continued • When the ball of particles gets hot enough, hydrogen gas will begin changing into ______ helium ________ and a large amount of energy ______ will be released long • Stars live a extremely _____ time – but not forever • __________ - an explosion that occurs at the supernova end of a stars life – particles from the star are released into space carrying large amounts of energy Star Brightness Black hole • ___________ - a point in space that has such a strong force of gravity that nothing within a certain distance of it can escape getting pulled into it – not even light magnitude - used to describe a star’s _______ brightness • _________ • ______________ Apparent Magnitude - the brightness that we see on Earth • ______________ Absolute Magnitude - measure of how bright the stars would appear if every star were exactly the same distance from Earth Star Life Cycle – page 566-567 Galaxies • _____ galaxy - a huge system or grouping of stars Milky Way the sun, the Earth, and the other • ________planets in the solar system are part of the galaxy billions of galaxies in the _______ universe • ______ Spiral Galaxies - three fourths of all galaxies that • __________ have been discovered are in this category – look like pinwheels – Bright bulging middles and wispy arms that fan out from the center Galaxies continued Elliptical galaxies - can be round or more oval. • ___________ elliptical The largest galaxies are _________ • Galaxies that have nor particular size or shape are called ____________ Irregular galaxies - young galaxies where stars are still being developed. • The Milky Way is a __________ Spiral Galaxy Constellations • _________constellation a group of stars that form a pattern 88 • Scientists have divided the sky into ____ constellations – dividing the sky into constellations makes the stars ____ easier to study • ___________ are star’s ________ in the sky constellations address • People in different parts of the world see different sections of the sky and constellations Movement • Every 24 hours the Earth makes a complete _______. This is why the stars appear to rotation move in the sky and the sun seems to travel across the sky. • ____________ change with the _________ constellations seasons because Earth is travelling around the sun. • It takes the Earth one year to travel around (similar to a merry go round) the sun – different parts of the sky come into view Earth’s Orbit and Seasons • The Sun’s gravitational pull on the Earth causes the Earth to _______ around the sun. orbit • _______ - the path of an object that revolves orbit around another object ellipse • Earth’s orbit around the sun is an _____ flattened circle 1 yr • It takes ______ for the earth to complete one ______ around the sun orbit Movement continued • Nothing in space stands still!!!!!! • Stars move in space in various directions _______ and at speeds various _____ • The big dipper will look different in 100,000 years because the stars will move – The handle will look more crooked – The front of the bowl will have moved in opposite directions Earth In Space Solar system • _____________ - made up of nine planets along with many moons, asteroids, and comets. • The Earth and the other planets follow a path called an ____around the sun orbit • Orbits have ________ paths (like a slightly elliptical flattened circle) • The ______ moves in an ________ orbit moon elliptical around the ______ Earth Revolution planets sun at • The _______ move slightly closer to the ___ certain parts of the orbit. orbit revolution • One full ______ is called a _________ revolution sun • Earth’s _________ around the _______ lasts for a few hours more than _______( 365 days 1 year) moons earth • The _______ revolution around the ______ takes about ______( 28 days 1 month) month comes from the word _____ moon • The word ______ Day and Night • ________ keeps the Earth and other planets in gravity ______ around the ____ and the ______ in orbit sun moon Earth orbit around the _____ • Planets ____causing one part of a planet to spin sun DAY face toward the ___for a while – _____ • When the part that was facing the sun spins NIGHT away from the sun - ______ • Earth _____ rotates (or spins) on an ____ axis Rotation spin is called a ______. rotation • One whole ____ • The Earth completes one _______ in one ___ rotation day 24 hours or _______ axis • During its orbit around the sun, Earth’s _____ always points in the same direction in space • As the Earth moves around the sun, the amount of ____ sun any place on Earth gets during the day slowly changes Earth’s Temperature • Earth does not get as ___ hot or as ____ cold as other planets. speed Earth • Because of the ______ at which the ______ day rotates around the sun in a ____, the ________ on Earth is mild enough to support temperature life. (the temperature does not get too hot or cold) atmosphere • The __________ on Earth also helps it to overheating protect itself from ___________ by the sun. Atmosphere reflects • The atmosphere ________ some of the sun’s energy into space and ________ other energy. absorbs • The atmosphere holds warm air near the planet’s _______. surface • Some other planets have little or no atmosphere – the temperature changes are too drastic for life. • The ______ has almost ___ moon no atmosphere Pattern of Seasons • While the Earth is spinning on its axis, different parts of the Earth’s surface face toward the sun during each _______. season ______ • _________ Long hours of daylight heat areas on Earth summer during ______ • ___________ of sunlight on other parts of the Fewer hours Earth receive less energy from the sun and winter colder temperatures during ______ Seasons Continued • ___________________________ Earth’s tilt on its axis is what causes seasons - the sun warms the side of the Earth that tilts towards it more than it does the side that is tilted away from it. • When the ________ North Pole is tilted towards the sun, the Northern half of the Earth has summer ______ and winter the southern half has ______ • In spring and fall _____ neither pole is tilted towards the sun. Climate and Seasons tilt • Earth’s _____ causes light from the sun to hit different parts of the Earth at different ______ angles angles • The rays of the sun at the different ________ transfer ________ to the Earth energy • The amount of __________ an area gets from Light energy the sun determines its climate _________ and ______ seasons intense • Rays striking the ________ are more _______ equator while rays at the ____ poles are _____________ More spread out Climate and Seasons continued • Summer – sun’s rays point almost directly toward Earth at _____ warm - days are very warm • As each day passes the sun’s rays strike at a angle - the sun looks greater and greater _____ lower in the sky • As the months pass, the rays of the sun are not as direct because the Earth has tilted away from the sun. Distance and Temperature • Distance from the sun does not affect Earth’s seasons!!!!! • The _________ between the Earth and Sun distance changes ________ during the year slightly January • The Earth is closest to the sun in ______, when the United States has _____ Winter July • The Earth is farthest from the sun in ___ seasons • Earth’s tilt causes the ______ Solar System • The _________ Solar system contains the sun and the cluster of bodies around it Mercury - small rocky planet is much like our • _______ moon, with many craters on its surface- no moon Venus - a thick layer of hot clouds covers Venus’ • _____ rocky surfaces – no moon Earth - third planet from the sun. Solid and • ______ rocky. Water covers three fourths of its surface. A thin blanket of air surrounds it Planets Continued • Mars ___ - rocky surface covered by red, dusty soil. “Red Planet” • _____ Jupiter - “gas giant” largest planet • _______ - gas planets have rings of rock, dust, Saturn and ice and Saturn has the most. Uranus • ________ - methane gas gives it its blue-green color • _________ - along with Jupiter and Saturn, this Neptune deep blue gas planet gives off more energy than it receives from the sun. Planets • Page 560-page 561 • Memorize planets in order and their characteristics Stronger forces of gravity on • Larger planets have __________ them than smaller ones. • Strong gravity holds more gases ____close to the planet creating a _____ thicker atmosphere Space Probes • Space Probes - spacecraft that gather data __________ without a crew – equipped with scientific instruments and cameras. • _______, Mercury _____, Venus _____, Earth and ____ Mars make up Inner planets of the solar system – they are the _________ ______ closest to the sun. • Space probes determined that all four have __________. Rocky surfaces What are the planets made of? • ______Mercury core of the planet is 75% ____ iron – Mercury has almost no atmosphere __________ – Closest planet to the sun Venus - closest planet to Earth. Thick cloudy ______ Poisonous gases atmosphere made of _____________. Clouds hot trap the sun’s heat – the temperature stays ____ all day and night. _____ Mars - thin atmosphere made of mostly of solid ____________. Polar ice caps made of ________ Carbon Dioxide carbon dioxide and frozen water. ____ Iron in soil. Gas Giants Jupiter _____, Saturn _____, Uranus • Gas Giant plants include: _____, and _______ Neptune • Called gas giants because they are mostly made of _________, _________, and other gases. hydrogen helium Many moons and _____ rings These planets have _________ • _____ Jupiter - powerful lightning storms - ___________ Great Red Spot Saturn - thousands of rings of ice, rock and dust • ______ • ______ Uranus - spins on its side • _______ Neptune - huge circular storm (like Jupiter’s) Comets • _______ Comet - a frozen mass of different types of ice and dust orbiting the sun. • Comets are much _______ smaller than planets • They come from areas of the solar system beyond Pluto ______ telescope • Only the largest comets can be seen with a _______. nucleus shape • A comet’s _______(core) has an uneven _____ Two tails and a ______ coma only when it • The comet forms ________ melt gets close enough for the sun to ______ the nucleus _________ Comet Tails Two tails - ion tail and dust tail • A comet has _______ • _________ Solar winds - outward moving particles from the sun push the two tails in a direction ______ from the sun away Ion tail - consists of various glowing charged • _____ gases- _____ narrow and _____ bluish Dust ion - fine dust particles escape from the • ______ nucleus as the ice melts - ____ wide and _______ yellow Comet Coma • In addition to the nucleus and the two tails, a comet also has a _____ coma - a giant cloud of dust and evaporated gases that surrounds the nucleus ______. • The coma gives the comet its bright ____ and fuzzy ______ appearance because the dust particles that are in the coma _____ reflect sunlight and the gases ______ _______ with ______. absorb and glow energy Asteroids asteroid • __________ - a rocky mass up to several hundred sun kilometers wide that revolves around the ____. • Sometimes called ___________ Minor planets • Most asteroids orbit in an __________ Asteroid belt - a region between ____ Mars and _____ Jupiter • Asteroids have ___________ Uneven shapes some have smaller asteroids orbiting them • Most asteroids compete a ________ revolution in ____ three to six years. ___ Asteroids Continued • Asteroid collisions with Earth are very rare Jupiter’s gravity holds asteroids in the area because ___________ Mars beyond _____ • ____________ Asteroid Gaspra - first to be studied up close (19 km long by 12 km wide) • ________ Asteroid Ida- main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter (50km long by 23 km wide) • _________ Asteroid Eros - 2001 first asteroid to orbited and landed upon by a spacecraft (33 km long by 13 km wide) Meteors and Meteoroids • ______ Meteors - a small asteroid, boulder sized or smaller (size of pebbles or a grain of sand) Shooting stars are really ______ meteors • __________ Meteors form when a _________ meteoroid • _______ hits the atmosphere Earth’s _________ meteoroid shoots through the air and heats • A ________ up quickly – glows a s a streak of light . ______ fireballs - very bright ________ meteors Meteor Showers and Meteorites Meteor Shower - occur when the Earth passes • __________ through the orbit of a _____ comet - loose pieces of dust and rocky matter from the comet are lost each time the comet orbits the sun – these materials collide with Earth’s ________ atmosphere and become _______. meteors • Most meteors ________ before they hit Earth Burn up Meteorites • __________ - a piece of a meteor that lands on Earth – most a very small Moon • The Moon is approximately _________ 384,000 km (238,000 miles) from Earth • The moon is the only object in the solar system that _____________ Humans have visited air water • No ____ or _____ • ____ 1/4 the size of Earth • ______ satellite - a moon, rock, or anything that orbits another object. • The moon is Earth’s only _____________ Natural satellite Moon continued • The moon’s surface: – _________ - caused by crashes of rocks or comets craters from space valleys – ________ – ________ mountains – ______________ flat, smooth plains From Earth we can only see the ____ near side of the moon – the same side ALWAYS faces Earth because the moon’s ____ spin and ____ orbit are at the same rate. Moon’s orbit revolves 27 days • The moon ______around the Earth in ______ • It takes the same amount of time for the Rotate once moon to _________ Far side of the • Astronauts have seen the ______ moon. Neil Armstrong • 1969 - ____________ - first human to walk on the moon • (1969-1972)– 12 people walked on the moon Phases of the Moon Light • The moon does not make its own _______ • The moon _______ light from the ____ reflects sun Moon phases • ___________ - the shapes of the lit side of the Moon we can see • The cycle of phases is due to the __________ movements of the Earth and Moon • There are ____phases of the moon: ________ four New moon Crescent moon __________, First Quarter __________, and _______ Full moon Phases of the Moon • __________ - moon is passing between Earth and New Moon the Sun. Can barely be seen because the sunlit side of the moon faces _____ away from Earth. Crescent Moon - tiny _______ sliver • ___________ of the Moon’s sunlit New Moon side – a few days after the ___________ First Quarter a week after the _________ New Moon - _____ half • _________of the moon’s sunlight side can be seen Full Moon - ______ • ________ entire lighted side- 2 weeks after the new moon. Earth is between Moon and the Sun. Phases of the Moon continued New Moon - dark phase, unlighted side faces us • ________ • __________________ Waxing Crescent or Gibbous - “waxing” means gradually growing larger” more of the moon’s lighted part can be seen each night Full Moon - completely lighted by the sun • _______ Waning Crescent or gibbous- “waning” gradually • _________________ becomes smaller, less of lighted part of the moon can be seen each night Cycle of the Phases – 29.5 Days • • • • • • • • New Moon ___________ ___________ Waxing crescent ___________ First Quarter ___________ Waxing Gibbous ___________ Full Moon ___________ Waning Gibbous ___________ Third Quarter ____________ Waning Crescent Moon and Tides • _____ Moon is the main cause of the _____ tides • Moon’s ______ gravity pulls on the Earth and the Earth’s _____ gravity pulls on the Moon • Water on Earth moves as a huge mass that is __________ by the Moon as it circles the dragged Earth Full moon New moon • During a _________ or _________, the moon and Sun both exert tidal forces on the Earth causing the _________ Highest tides Lunar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse - occurs during a _________ Full Moon • _________ when the Moon passes through Earth’s shadow Total lunar eclipse - Moon passing through Earth’s • ____________ shadow can be seen for almost 2 hours. Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse can be • Unlike a __________, the _________ seen by most parts of the Earth where it is nighttime • Both occur about _____ twice a year Characteristics of Earth’s Sun star - it appears larger than • Earth’s sun is a ____ any other star because it is _______ to the closer Earth. • The sun is made of hot gases called ______ plasma • Reactions among particles in the sun’s ____ core release ___and ___ light heat energy to the Earth • ____ Life could not exist on Earth without the ___ sun Solar flares - intense temporary releases • _________