Download Space and Technology

Space and Technology
6th Grade Science
Astronomy
• ___________
- The branch of science that
Astronomy
deals with celestial objects, space, and the
physical universe as a whole. The study of
space and all of the objects in it.
• _____________
Patterns in the sky - seasons, phases of the
moon, and the rising and setting of the sun
each day.
• Certain sets of _____
stars were expected to appear
in specific seasons.
Eclipses
Solar eclipse
• ___________
- occurs when the Moon blocks
the Sun’s light .
Lunar eclipse
• ___________
- occurs when Earth casts a
shadow on the Moon
• Ancient cultures made predictions based on
the careful observations and records of the
Sun
Moon
movement of the ______
and _________
Astronomy Tools
• Early Tools
– Europe and Middle East (200 B.C. to 1700 A.D)
astrolabe - a star map drawn on a metal plate.
• __________
–Moveable parts that allowed a viewer to
measure an angle between the ________
horizon
and a ______
or ______
star
planet
–Other plates could be adjusted to show
what the sky would look like at a particular
time or place.
Early tools continued
astrolabe
• By 1700’s the ________
had been replaced by
the ________
- measures the ______
between
sextant
angle
horizon
Point in the sky
the ________
and a ____________
• _________________
- Italian scientist that the
Galileo Galilei
telescope
first person to use a _________
to study
astronomy (he did not invent the telescope)
_______.
telescope - gathers light to magnify far away
• ________
objects in the sky.
Galileo Galilei’s Discoveries
• Galileo discovered that
moon
Mountains
sun
– the _____has
_________and
that the ____spins.
– ______
Venus has phases like the ______
moon
– _________
has four _______
Jupiter
moons that orbit around it.
Earth and other planets revolve around the sun
– ______
___
– Many other scientists disputed Galileo’s findings.
Most of his colleagues believed that the Earth was
the center of the universe
Isaac Newton
Reflecting telescope
• Newton developed the _________________
• Earlier telescopes used ______
to focus light
lenses
magnify distant objects
and ______
Curved mirror - this
• Newton’s telescope used a __________
advancement allowed objects that were
dimmer and further away to be seen in
sharper detail.
Modern Telescopes
light and ___________
concentrate
• Telescopes gather ____
it
• _____________
tie the record as the _______
Keck I and Keck II
largest
telescopes in the world – the mirrors in these
horizon pieces that
telescopes are made up of _____
work together as a system to gather
__________
(light we see from the sun and
Visible light
stars) and __________
Infrared light (electromagnetic
radiation that we cannot see)
Radio Telescopes
Radio waves
• Radio telescopes are used to detect ________
• The radio telescope looks more like a Satellite
_______
dish
Bowl-shaped dish that
• Radio telescopes have a _____________
collects and focuses radio waves given off by
distant objects in space (instead of lenses and
mirrors).
• Some telescopes are launched into space
because conditions are ______
and ______
clear
dark
Stars
Stars - gigantic balls of very hot gases that give
• ____
off electromagnetic radiation.
sun is a ____
star - medium sized compared
• The ____
to some others in space
• The sun gives off an enormous amount of
_______
and _______
light
thermal (heat) energy.
• The energy that the sun emits is a result of
_______
reactions between _____
helium and _______
hydrogen gases
Sun’s energy
core of the sun the _______
nuclei
• Inside of the ___
of
hydrogen atoms collide and fuse together to
_______
form a new nucleus and a new element helium
_____.
• When this reaction happens – large amounts
energy
of _______
are released causing the sun to
_____
shine
• Many different ______
and ______
of stars
sizes
colors
Stars Continued
• The _____
is the closest ____to
the _____
sun
star
Earth
• The _________
stars are the stars that give off
brightest
energy
the most _______.
• A star’s _______,
__________,
and _________
size
temperature
distance
from the Earth determines how bright a star
appears to us.
Sirius - the brightest star in the night sky
• _____
– ________
closest star to Earth –larger, hotter, and
ninth
more than 20 times as bright as the sun.
Color and Heat
hot
• A star’s color tells you how _____
it is.
• The coolest stars are ____
red (example Barnard’s
star - _______)
2250  C
Red and yellow stars are moderately hot
• __________
(example: the sun has a temperature of
______)
5500  C
• The hottest stars are _______
and _________
white
Blue-white
Sun
Fiery ball
gases and no
• Sun is a _________
of hot _____
Hard surfaces
__________
layers
• The sun has ______
photosphere - the layer of sun that gives off
• _________
light energy that we can see.
chromosphere - the layer above the
• __________
photosphere
corona - outermost layer
• ______
Sunspots
Galileo
• ________
noticed dark spots moving along
the face of the sun – he concluded from that
rotating
observation that the sun must be _______.
• _______
sunspots - dark moving spots in the ________
photosphere
– Sunspots look darker than other parts of the sun
hot
because they are not as ____
– Sunspots travel along the ____
face of the sun because
the sun rotates more slowly at its ______
poles than its
equator
____________
Solar Eruptions
prominences
• Blazing gases called _________from
the
__________
chromosphere may reach the ______
corona
prominences
• ____________
(ribbons of glowing gases) may
appear and the disappear in a few days or
months
• _________
- chromosphere erupts like a
Solar Flare
volcano – spews out huge amounts of
_______________,
______, and neutrons
_______
Electromagnetic waves protons
Solar Eclipse
• __________
Solar Eclipses - when the Moon blocks the light
of the sun
• The ______
makes two types of _______
moon
shadows on
the Earth during an eclipse
umbra - darker, inner part of an eclipse shadow
– _______
penumbra - lighter, outer part of an eclipse
– _________
shadow
__________
passes over an area and
Total Eclipse - the _______
umbra
the sun is completely blocked for several minutes
Solar Eclipse Continued
Total solar eclipse
• During a _____________
- the sky darkens
and stars can be seen in daytime
• The moon’s shadow is small so that only a
small part of Earth experiences a total eclipse.
Partial eclipse - the
• Nearby areas experience a _________
_______
penumbra passes over or the _______
umbra
completely misses Earth
Light years
Solar eruptions can
• The waves caused by __________
interrupt radio communication and cause
damage to electrical systems
• _____from
the _____
takes only ________
Light
sun
8 minutes to
Earth
reach _____
• _______
Light Year distance light travels in one year
Alpha Centauri - 4 light years away from Earth –
• ___________
light we see from the star was made 4 yrs ago
star – a huge, hot glowing ball of gas
____
• ______
nebula - new stars form in a cloud of gas and
dust
• Particles of gas and dust churn around and are
gravity until the clump of
pulled together by _______
ball - the star continues to
particles becomes a ____
grow as more and more particles are pulled in by
Nuclear fusion two nuclei join together
gravity - __________• As the particles are pulled in the temperature
rise
begins to ____
Stars continued
• When the ball of particles gets hot enough,
hydrogen gas will begin changing into ______
helium
________
and a large amount of energy
______ will be released
long
• Stars live a extremely _____
time – but not
forever
• __________
- an explosion that occurs at the
supernova
end of a stars life – particles from the star are
released into space carrying large amounts of
energy
Star Brightness
Black hole
• ___________
- a point in space that has such a
strong force of gravity that nothing within a
certain distance of it can escape getting pulled
into it – not even light
magnitude - used to describe a star’s _______
brightness
• _________
• ______________
Apparent Magnitude - the brightness that we see on
Earth
• ______________
Absolute Magnitude - measure of how bright the
stars would appear if every star were exactly the
same distance from Earth
Star Life Cycle – page 566-567
Galaxies
• _____
galaxy - a huge system or grouping of stars
Milky Way the sun, the Earth, and the other
• ________planets in the solar system are part of the galaxy
billions of galaxies in the _______
universe
• ______
Spiral Galaxies - three fourths of all galaxies that
• __________
have been discovered are in this category – look
like pinwheels
– Bright bulging middles and wispy arms that fan out
from the center
Galaxies continued
Elliptical galaxies - can be round or more oval.
• ___________
elliptical
The largest galaxies are _________
• Galaxies that have nor particular size or shape
are called ____________
Irregular galaxies - young galaxies
where stars are still being developed.
• The Milky Way is a __________
Spiral Galaxy
Constellations
• _________constellation a group of stars that form a
pattern
88
• Scientists have divided the sky into ____
constellations – dividing the sky into
constellations makes the stars
____ easier to study
• ___________
are star’s ________
in the sky
constellations
address
• People in different parts of the world see
different sections of the sky and constellations
Movement
• Every 24 hours the Earth makes a complete
_______.
This is why the stars appear to
rotation
move in the sky and the sun seems to travel
across the sky.
• ____________
change with the _________
constellations
seasons
because Earth is travelling around the sun.
• It takes the Earth one year to travel around
(similar to a merry go round) the sun –
different parts of the sky come into view
Earth’s Orbit and Seasons
• The Sun’s gravitational pull on the Earth
causes the Earth to _______
around the sun.
orbit
• _______
- the path of an object that revolves
orbit
around another object
ellipse • Earth’s orbit around the sun is an _____
flattened circle
1 yr
• It takes ______
for the earth to complete one
______
around the sun
orbit
Movement continued
• Nothing in space stands still!!!!!!
• Stars move in space in various directions
_______ and at
speeds
various _____
• The big dipper will look different in 100,000
years because the stars will move
– The handle will look more crooked
– The front of the bowl will have moved in opposite
directions
Earth In Space
Solar system
• _____________
- made up of nine planets
along with many moons, asteroids, and
comets.
• The Earth and the other planets follow a path
called an ____around
the sun
orbit
• Orbits have ________
paths (like a slightly
elliptical
flattened circle)
• The ______
moves in an ________
orbit
moon
elliptical
around the ______
Earth
Revolution
planets
sun at
• The _______
move slightly closer to the ___
certain parts of the orbit.
orbit
revolution
• One full ______
is called a _________
revolution
sun
• Earth’s _________
around the _______
lasts
for a few hours more than _______(
365 days 1 year)
moons
earth
• The _______
revolution around the ______
takes about ______(
28 days 1 month)
month comes from the word _____
moon
• The word ______
Day and Night
• ________
keeps the Earth and other planets in
gravity
______
around the ____
and the ______
in
orbit
sun
moon
Earth
orbit around the _____
• Planets ____causing
one part of a planet to
spin
sun
DAY
face toward the ___for
a while – _____
• When the part that was facing the sun spins
NIGHT
away from the sun - ______
• Earth _____
rotates (or spins) on an ____
axis
Rotation
spin is called a ______.
rotation
• One whole ____
• The Earth completes one _______
in one ___
rotation
day
24 hours
or _______
axis
• During its orbit around the sun, Earth’s _____
always points in the same direction in space
• As the Earth moves around the sun, the
amount of ____
sun any place on Earth gets
during the day slowly changes
Earth’s Temperature
• Earth does not get as ___
hot or as ____
cold as other
planets.
speed
Earth
• Because of the ______
at which the ______
day
rotates around the sun in a ____,
the
________ on Earth is mild enough to support
temperature
life. (the temperature does not get too hot or
cold)
atmosphere
• The __________
on Earth also helps it to
overheating
protect itself from ___________
by the sun.
Atmosphere
reflects
• The atmosphere ________
some of the sun’s
energy into space and ________
other energy.
absorbs
• The atmosphere holds warm air near the
planet’s _______.
surface
• Some other planets have little or no
atmosphere – the temperature changes are
too drastic for life.
• The ______
has almost ___
moon
no atmosphere
Pattern of Seasons
• While the Earth is spinning on its axis,
different parts of the Earth’s surface face
toward the sun during each _______.
season
______
• _________
Long hours of daylight heat areas on Earth
summer
during ______
• ___________
of sunlight on other parts of the
Fewer hours
Earth receive less energy from the sun and
winter
colder temperatures during ______
Seasons Continued
• ___________________________
Earth’s tilt on its axis is what causes seasons - the sun
warms the side of the Earth that tilts towards
it more than it does the side that is tilted away
from it.
• When the ________
North Pole is tilted towards the sun,
the Northern half of the Earth has summer
______ and
winter
the southern half has ______
• In spring and fall _____
neither pole is tilted towards
the sun.
Climate and Seasons
tilt
• Earth’s _____
causes light from the sun to hit
different parts of the Earth at different ______
angles
angles
• The rays of the sun at the different ________
transfer ________
to the Earth
energy
• The amount of __________
an area gets from
Light energy
the sun determines its climate
_________ and ______
seasons
intense
• Rays striking the ________
are more _______
equator
while rays at the ____
poles are _____________
More spread out
Climate and Seasons continued
• Summer – sun’s rays point almost directly
toward Earth at _____
warm - days are very warm
• As each day passes the sun’s rays strike at a
angle - the sun looks
greater and greater _____
lower in the sky
• As the months pass, the rays of the sun are
not as direct because the Earth has tilted away
from the sun.
Distance and Temperature
• Distance from the sun does not affect Earth’s
seasons!!!!!
• The _________
between the Earth and Sun
distance
changes ________
during the year
slightly
January
• The Earth is closest to the sun in ______,
when the United States has _____
Winter
July
• The Earth is farthest from the sun in ___
seasons
• Earth’s tilt causes the ______
Solar System
• The _________
Solar system contains the sun and the cluster
of bodies around it
Mercury - small rocky planet is much like our
• _______
moon, with many craters on its surface- no moon
Venus - a thick layer of hot clouds covers Venus’
• _____
rocky surfaces – no moon
Earth - third planet from the sun. Solid and
• ______
rocky. Water covers three fourths of its surface. A
thin blanket of air surrounds it
Planets Continued
• Mars
___ - rocky surface covered by red, dusty soil.
“Red Planet”
• _____
Jupiter - “gas giant” largest planet
• _______
- gas planets have rings of rock, dust,
Saturn
and ice and Saturn has the most.
Uranus
• ________
- methane gas gives it its blue-green
color
• _________
- along with Jupiter and Saturn, this
Neptune
deep blue gas planet gives off more energy than
it receives from the sun.
Planets
• Page 560-page 561
• Memorize planets in order and their
characteristics
Stronger forces of gravity on
• Larger planets have __________
them than smaller ones.
• Strong gravity holds more gases
____close to the
planet creating a _____
thicker atmosphere
Space Probes
•
Space Probes - spacecraft that gather data
__________
without a crew – equipped with scientific
instruments and cameras.
• _______,
Mercury _____,
Venus _____,
Earth and ____
Mars make up
Inner planets of the solar system – they are
the _________
______
closest to the sun.
• Space probes determined that all four have
__________.
Rocky surfaces
What are the planets made of?
• ______Mercury core of the planet is 75% ____
iron
– Mercury has almost no atmosphere
__________
– Closest planet to the sun
Venus - closest planet to Earth. Thick cloudy
______
Poisonous gases
atmosphere made of _____________.
Clouds
hot
trap the sun’s heat – the temperature stays ____
all day and night.
_____
Mars - thin atmosphere made of mostly of
solid
____________.
Polar ice caps made of ________
Carbon Dioxide
carbon dioxide and frozen water. ____
Iron in soil.
Gas Giants
Jupiter _____,
Saturn _____,
Uranus
• Gas Giant plants include: _____,
and _______
Neptune
• Called gas giants because they are mostly made
of _________,
_________,
and other gases.
hydrogen
helium
Many moons and _____
rings
These planets have _________
• _____
Jupiter - powerful lightning storms - ___________
Great Red Spot
Saturn - thousands of rings of ice, rock and dust
• ______
• ______
Uranus - spins on its side
• _______
Neptune - huge circular storm (like Jupiter’s)
Comets
• _______
Comet - a frozen mass of different types of ice and
dust orbiting the sun.
• Comets are much _______
smaller than planets
• They come from areas of the solar system beyond
Pluto
______
telescope
• Only the largest comets can be seen with a _______.
nucleus
shape
• A comet’s _______(core)
has an uneven _____
Two tails and a ______
coma only when it
• The comet forms ________
melt
gets close enough for the sun to ______
the
nucleus
_________
Comet Tails
Two tails - ion tail and dust tail
• A comet has _______
• _________
Solar winds - outward moving particles from
the sun push the two tails in a direction
______
from the sun
away
Ion tail - consists of various glowing charged
• _____
gases- _____
narrow and _____
bluish
Dust ion - fine dust particles escape from the
• ______
nucleus as the ice melts - ____
wide and _______
yellow
Comet Coma
• In addition to the nucleus and the two tails, a
comet also has a _____
coma - a giant cloud of dust
and evaporated gases that surrounds the
nucleus
______.
• The coma gives the comet its bright
____ and
fuzzy
______
appearance because the dust particles
that are in the coma _____
reflect sunlight and the
gases ______
_______ with ______.
absorb and glow
energy
Asteroids
asteroid
• __________
- a rocky mass up to several hundred
sun
kilometers wide that revolves around the ____.
• Sometimes called ___________
Minor planets
• Most asteroids orbit in an __________
Asteroid belt - a region
between ____
Mars and _____
Jupiter
• Asteroids have ___________
Uneven shapes some have smaller
asteroids orbiting them
• Most asteroids compete a ________
revolution in ____
three to
six years.
___
Asteroids Continued
• Asteroid collisions with Earth are very rare
Jupiter’s gravity holds asteroids in the area
because ___________
Mars
beyond _____
• ____________
Asteroid Gaspra - first to be studied up close (19
km long by 12 km wide)
• ________
Asteroid Ida- main asteroid belt between Mars and
Jupiter (50km long by 23 km wide)
• _________
Asteroid Eros - 2001 first asteroid to orbited and
landed upon by a spacecraft (33 km long by 13
km wide)
Meteors and Meteoroids
• ______
Meteors - a small asteroid, boulder sized or
smaller (size of pebbles or a grain of sand)
Shooting stars are really ______
meteors
• __________
Meteors form when a _________
meteoroid
• _______
hits the
atmosphere
Earth’s _________
meteoroid shoots through the air and heats
• A ________
up quickly – glows a s a streak of light .
______
fireballs - very bright ________
meteors
Meteor Showers and Meteorites
Meteor Shower - occur when the Earth passes
• __________
through the orbit of a _____
comet - loose pieces of
dust and rocky matter from the comet are lost
each time the comet orbits the sun – these
materials collide with Earth’s ________
atmosphere and
become _______.
meteors
• Most meteors ________
before they hit Earth
Burn up
Meteorites
• __________
- a piece of a meteor that lands
on Earth – most a very small
Moon
• The Moon is approximately _________
384,000 km (238,000
miles) from Earth
• The moon is the only object in the solar system
that _____________
Humans have visited
air
water
• No ____
or _____
• ____
1/4 the size of Earth
• ______
satellite - a moon, rock, or anything that orbits
another object.
• The moon is Earth’s only _____________
Natural satellite
Moon continued
• The moon’s surface:
– _________
- caused by crashes of rocks or comets
craters
from space
valleys
– ________
– ________
mountains
– ______________
flat, smooth plains
From Earth we can only see the ____
near side of the
moon – the same side ALWAYS faces Earth
because the moon’s ____
spin and ____
orbit are at the
same rate.
Moon’s orbit
revolves
27 days
• The moon ______around
the Earth in ______
• It takes the same amount of time for the
Rotate once
moon to _________
Far side of the
• Astronauts have seen the ______
moon.
Neil Armstrong
• 1969 - ____________
- first human to walk on
the moon
• (1969-1972)– 12 people walked on the moon
Phases of the Moon
Light
• The moon does not make its own _______
• The moon _______
light from the ____
reflects
sun
Moon phases
• ___________
- the shapes of the lit side of the
Moon we can see
• The cycle of phases is due to the __________
movements
of the Earth and Moon
• There are ____phases
of the moon: ________
four
New moon
Crescent moon __________,
First Quarter
__________,
and _______
Full moon
Phases of the Moon
• __________
- moon is passing between Earth and
New Moon
the Sun. Can barely be seen because the sunlit
side of the moon faces _____
away from Earth.
Crescent Moon - tiny _______
sliver
• ___________
of the Moon’s sunlit
New Moon
side – a few days after the ___________
First Quarter a week after the _________
New Moon - _____
half
• _________of the moon’s sunlight side can be seen
Full Moon - ______
• ________
entire lighted side- 2 weeks after the
new moon. Earth is between Moon and the Sun.
Phases of the Moon continued
New Moon - dark phase, unlighted side faces us
• ________
• __________________
Waxing Crescent or Gibbous - “waxing” means
gradually growing larger” more of the moon’s
lighted part can be seen each night
Full Moon - completely lighted by the sun
• _______
Waning Crescent or gibbous- “waning” gradually
• _________________
becomes smaller, less of lighted part of the
moon can be seen each night
Cycle of the Phases – 29.5 Days
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
New Moon
___________
___________
Waxing crescent
___________
First Quarter
___________
Waxing Gibbous
___________
Full Moon
___________
Waning Gibbous
___________
Third Quarter
____________
Waning Crescent
Moon and Tides
• _____
Moon is the main cause of the _____
tides
• Moon’s ______
gravity pulls on the Earth and the
Earth’s _____
gravity pulls on the Moon
• Water on Earth moves as a huge mass that is
__________
by the Moon as it circles the
dragged
Earth
Full moon
New moon
• During a _________
or _________,
the moon
and Sun both exert tidal forces on the Earth
causing the _________
Highest tides
Lunar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse - occurs during a _________
Full Moon
• _________
when
the Moon passes through Earth’s shadow
Total lunar eclipse - Moon passing through Earth’s
• ____________
shadow can be seen for almost 2 hours.
Solar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse can be
• Unlike a __________,
the _________
seen by most parts of the Earth where it is
nighttime
• Both occur about _____
twice a year
Characteristics of Earth’s Sun
star - it appears larger than
• Earth’s sun is a ____
any other star because it is _______
to the
closer
Earth.
• The sun is made of hot gases called ______
plasma
• Reactions among particles in the sun’s ____
core
release ___and
___
light
heat energy to the Earth
• ____
Life could not exist on Earth without the ___
sun
Solar flares - intense temporary releases
• _________