Download Macromolecules College Notes

Name: ________________________________________________
Water
Covalent bonds-
Polarity-
Polar-
Nonpolar-
Hydrogen bond-
Properties of Water
1) CohesionExample: surface tension
2) Adhesion-
3) Good Solvent-
4) Expands when it freezes (ice density)-
5) High specific heat (heat capacity)-
Period:_____________
Name: ________________________________________________
Period:_____________
Macromolecules
Organic CompoundsThe most important element when studying the chemistry of life is
________________.
Carbon has four electrons in its valence level, meaning that it needs
___________ more.
This gives carbon the ability to form four _____________ bonds with other elements, including oxygen,
hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
Macromolecules are made from thousands or even hundreds of
thousands of smaller molecules.
MonomersPolymersExamples:
Dehydration Synthesis- (condensation reaction)-
Hydrolysis-
Ex: When we eat food, it instantly touches water in
our saliva. This begins the breakdown of polymers
right away.
ADP
ATP
ATP-
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Partially
charged
battery
Energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Fully
charged
battery
Name: ________________________________________________
Period:_____________
Carbohydrates
__________________ are organic compounds composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. (Example: C6H12O6)
Purpose:
Elements:
Monomers:
Polymers:
Foods:
Proteins
Purpose:
Elements:
Monomers:
Polymer:
General Structure
In order to link two amino acids together, a
condensation reaction occurs to form a _____________________.
Polypeptides can range from a few amino acids to thousands in length.
Amino
acids
Alanine
Serine
________________________
determines
_______________________
Name: ________________________________________________
Period:_____________
______________________-determined by
the sequence of amino acids (what order the
amino acids are hooked together)
______________________- formed by
hydrogen bonding between the amino acid R
groups. (β-pleated sheets and α helix).
______________________ - formed when
the polypeptide chain folds and the R groups
of different amino acids form covalent and
ionic bonds with each other
______________________ - only in some
proteins where there is more than one
polypetide chain involved in the structure of
the protein
_______________________-when anything changes the native conformation, and therefore the proteins
structure.
Examples:
__________________-organic
molecules that act as catalysts
Enzymes are proteins and their
reactions depend on the physical
fit between the enzyme molecule
and its ___________________,
the reactant being catalyzed.
And enzyme and its substrate fit
together like a
__________________________________. The linkage of the
substrate to the enzyme allows the protein to change shape,
causing bonds in the substrate to weaken (therefore
decreasing ___________________________________,
which is the amount of energy required for a reaction to
start.)

Characteristics of Enzymes
Reusable-

Specific-

Sensitive-
Name: ________________________________________________
Period:_____________
Lipids
Purpose:
Elements:
Monomers:
Polymers:
The two ends of fatty acids have very different properties.
The head of the fatty acid likes water and is
______________________________ because it is polar.
The long fatty acid tails don’t like water and are __________________
because they are nonpolar.
The fatty acid is considered to be ____________________ when each carbon
atom is covalently bonded to four other atoms.
The fatty acid is considered to be ____________________ when the carbons
are not bonded to the maximum number of atoms they can bond to.
Instead, they form double bonds within the carbon chain.
Your body can break down unsaturated fats easier then saturated fats.
Three classes of lipids:
-___________________
-___________________
-___________________
___________________________ are formed when three fatty acid
molecules join to one molecules of glycerol.
Saturated triglycerides (composed of saturated fatty acids) tend to be solid
at room temperature (shortening and animal fat).
Unsaturated triglycerides (composed of unsaturated fatty acids) tend to be liquids
at room temp (vegetable oil).
____________________________-are made of two fatty acids tails and a
hydrophilic head region made up of a phosphate group.
The phosphate group makes the “heads” ________________, whereas the fatty
acids are _______________________.
Name: ________________________________________________
Cell membranes are composed of
___________________________ so that when exposed to
water on either side (like in a cell) the phospholipids
become a bilayer where they hydrophilic heads project
outward where there is water and the hydrophobic tails
project inward
____________________-composed of four fused carbon
rings with various functional groups attached to them. Ex:
Cholesterol
Testosterone is a male hormone that is a steroid
Testosterone is used by males to produce muscle fibers and sex
characteristics
Cholesterol is a steroid that is needed for nerve cells to function
properly
Nucleic Acids
Purpose:
Elements:
Monomers:
Nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, 5-carbon
ring, and a nitrogen base.
Polymers:
Period:_____________