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Transcript
Its not what you think How does it relate to evolution? 1. 2. 3. 4. Mystery box demonstrated that you can build a working model without “seeing” it. Were required to accumulate evidence to come to a conclusion. Evolution can’t be “seen” like photosynthesis or mitosis, only see evidence supporting it. When seeing the same evidence over and over again it is hard to come to a different conclusion. How do you think evolution should be defined? Take a minute and write down some key words you would expect to see. Oxford: evolution:…the gradual process by which the present diversity of plant and animal life arose from the earliest and most primitive organisms, which is believed to have been continuing for the past 3000 million years Chambers: evolution:...the doctrine according to which higher forms of life have gradually arisen out of lower. Webster's: evolution:...the development of a species, organism, or organ from its original or primitive state to its present or specialized state; phylogeny or ontogeny. Share your definition… Why did you like this one? What were the key words. Wikipedia: Evolution is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Dictionary.com: change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. University of Berkley: a change in allele frequency's in a population over time by various selection pressures like mutation, genetic drift, sexual selection, migration, natural selection. Has meaning to us Not in conflict Short Is vague but is also specific Hard to argue against it Evolution- a change in allele frequency in a population over time… Micro vs Macro Variation DNA Chromosomes Genes Cell Cycle •Law of Independent Assortment •Law of Segregation •Crossing Over •Meiosis mistakes Expression of Genes •Protein Synthesis •Mutations There are some theories which suggest that early life consisted solely of RNA. DNA established because it was more stable. rRNA, tRNA, mRNA are suspected to remnants of this past RNA World. Essentially- the molecular view is proving to be very important. • Evolution is defined as a change in allele frequencies in a gene pool/population over time. • Environment helps dictate which alleles will be the most successful/frequent. Sudden changes will cause some alleles to disappear and others to flourish. Earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, meteor, ice age • Evolution does not take place in an individual but rather a population (group of organisms). • Evolution is a fact HOWEVER its mechanism is a Theory. 1. Mutations… • they are not ALWAYS good or bad. • in general environments do not cause mutations…exception is UV light. • However, some mutations are better in some environments thus could become more frequent • Lots of ways mutations can happen: DNA Replication mistakes Meiosis crossing over, inversion, deletion, nondisjunction 2. Adaptation • Populations adapt not organisms • This happens as the proportion of alleles for favorable traits increases. Adaptations take many forms- • Mimicry • Camouflage TED talk • Better proteins Not all features are adaptations Mechanism of Evolution-NATURAL SELECTION Allele Frequencies Natural Selection Adaptations Various ways selection can occur • Directional, disruptive, stabilizing Natural Selection Variation. variations may involve body size, hair color, facial Inheritance. Some traits are consistently passed on from parent Population growth. Most populations have more offspring markings, voice properties, or number of offspring. On the other hand, some traits show little to no variation among individuals— for example, number of eyes in vertebrates. to offspring.Whereas other traits are influenced by environment and not passed on. each year than local resources can support. Differential reproduction. Individuals possessing best traits well suited for the environment. 3. Types of Natural Selection: Evidence Phylogenetics: • Uses physical, behavioral, DNA, fossil information to show relationships amongst • species. Today can build phylogenetic trees to show relationships between organisms and infer past relationships Tree DNA RNA How traits are expressed Reason to believe that similar genetics means a distant relationship. Tools to help study • phylogenetic trees • cladgrams Illustrate relationships…does not mean that one came from another. Homologous Structures Populations become new species when they no longer breed together. Can occur over long periods of time when populations are separated by physical barriers. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKtFh dq-I5A Mimicry Camouflage Phorid Fly- -mix in with ant larvae Vestigipoda longiseta Lyre bird http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjE0 Kdfos4Y Various mimicry http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/adaptatio ns/Mimicry#p007ywsh TED-Camouflage http://www.ted.com/talks/david_gallo_s hows_underwater_astonishments.html Link to Animation Types of evolution • Shark and Dolphin Dogs Domain: Eukarya KINGDOM: Animalia PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Mammalia ORDER: Carnivora FAMILY: Canidae GENUS SPECIES: Canis familiaris But various kinds of dogs/subspecies University warfare. of Berkley Newts biological Fossils and inference Trace/imprint Fossils: Eggs, tracks, corpolite Molds and Casts: organism has died, sediment covered it and the tissue decayed. Resin/amber tree sap. Body Fossil: Organisms caught in fossil: Whole skeletal body left behind. Petrification: tissue atom by atom. replaced with minerals What is a hypothesis? What are observations? What is an inference? Dinosaur tracks are common occurrences in the southern and eastern U.S. Here is a section of tracks that were recently uncovered. Can you answer the following questions? • What could you say about the size of the organism? • How fast was it moving? • Was it a bipedal? www.carlwozniak.com In what direction did the animal move? Did it change speed or direction? Was the soil moist or dry? In what type of rock were the prints made? Here is a another set of tracks that were uncovered. • How fast was it moving? • Was it a bipedal? • What is the size and nature of the organism? In what direction did the animal move? Did it change speed or direction? Was the soil moist or dry? In what type of rock were the prints made? After some more digging paleontologists were able to connect the two: •What is the size and nature of the organisms? •Were the tracks made at the same time? •How many animals were involved? •Can you reconstruct the events that occurred? www.carlwozniak.com The following summer some more digging revealed more of the track. What additional information have you gained that allows you to refine your answers? www.carlwozniak.com How many animals were involved? Can you reconstruct the events that occurred? In what direction did the animals move? Did they change speed or direction? www.carlwozniak.com In the final summer of the excavation one last part of the footprint trail was uncovered. Does this section provide additional information to refine your hypothesis? www.carlwozniak.com So what happened? What part of your hypothesis is observation? What part is inference? www.carlwozniak.com This is how science is done. www.carlwozniak.com View fossils Universe: Physics and Chemistry • We are all STAR DUST All known elements/atoms can be traced back to stars. All matter is made up of atoms. All LIFE is made up of CARBON atoms. Papers-support Earth Fossil Distribution • Plate Tectonics Plates move which over millions of years results in a change in the make-up of the Earth. These changes can also occur rapidly and suddenly with earthquakes and volcanoes. Chemistry…Support Chemistry Biology Evolution Earth Science Physics Fossil evidence Chromosome evidence Approximate date http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/libr ary/03/4/quicktime/l_034_04.html